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returned to the question

  • 1 Indirect question

    Косвенный вопрос.
    1) Косвенный вопрос - это вопрос, переданный в косвенной (непрямой) речи. Все изменения, которым подвергается предложение в непрямой речи, происходят также и в косвенном вопросе (подробнее см. Indirect speech, 2,3).
    2) В косвенном вопросе, в отличие от прямого вопроса, не происходит инверсии, то есть порядок слов такой же, как в обычном повествовательном предложении (сказуемое следует за подлежащим). Ср.: Where are you going? (пр.) — She asked me where I was going (косв.).
    3) В непрямой речи вопрос выражается придаточным предложением; выбор союза, вводящего придаточное, зависит от типа вопроса.
    Общий вопрос ( Yes-No question) в непрямой речи вводится союзами if и whether. Сочетание or not может прибавляться: к союзу whether непосредственно за ним или в конце предложения; к союзу if только в конце предложения.
    (Так же образуются косвенный альтернативный и расчлененный вопросы (см. Alternative question, Tag question)).

    Has my secretary returned? (пр.) - He rang the bell, and asked whether his secretary had returned. (косв.) — Он позвонил в звонок и спросил, вернулась ли секретарша.

    Will the fair unknown come to church? (пр.) - On Sunday everybody wondered whether or not the fair unknown would come to church. (косв.) — В воскресенье все гадали, придет ли прекрасный незнакомец в церковь.

    I suppose he has money, hasn't he? (пр.) - I asked if he had money. (косв.) — Я спросил, есть ли у него деньги.

    Специальный вопрос ( Wh - question) вводится тем же вопросительным словом, что и соответствующий прямой вопрос.

    How many other clerks are there upstairs? (пр.) - I wondered how many other clerks there were up-stairs. (косв.) — Я подумал, сколько еще клерков могло быть наверху.

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > Indirect question

  • 2 возвращаться к вопросу

    Возвращаться к вопросу
     Ten years later, he returned to the question of oil consumption.
     We will return to this matter shortly when the Nusselt number results are presented.
     Returning to the issue of surge, the author has advanced an interesting correlation for a given impeller with several inlet swirl conditions.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > возвращаться к вопросу

  • 3 abrir

    v.
    1 to open.
    la tienda abre a las cinco the shop opens at five (o'clock)
    Ricardo abre la celda de Mario Richard opens Mario's cell.
    El Dr. Zus abre el abdomen Dr. Zus opens=cuts open the abdomen.
    2 to dig.
    le abrieron la cabeza de un botellazo they smashed his head open with a bottle
    3 to open (negocio, colegio, mercado).
    4 to whet (apetito).
    la natación abre el apetito swimming makes you hungry
    5 to head.
    6 to open the door (abrir la puerta).
    ¡abra, policía! open up, it's the police!
    7 to draw open, to open.
    Ricardo abre las cortinas Richard draws the curtains open.
    8 to turn on.
    Ricardo abre el paso de corriente Richard turns on the electricity.
    * * *
    (pp abierto,-a)
    1 (gen) to open
    2 (con llave) to unlock
    3 (cremallera) to undo
    ■ abrió la cremallera de la maleta she undid the zip on the case, she unzipped the case
    4 (negocio) to open
    5 (túnel) to dig; (agujero) to make
    6 (luz) to switch on, turn on; (gas, grifo) to turn on
    7 (iniciar) to start, begin
    8 (encabezar) to head, lead
    1 (gen) to open
    2 (flor) to open, come out
    3 (iniciarse) to begin, start, open
    4 (extenderse) to spread out, unfold
    5 (dar) to open (a, onto), look (a, onto)
    6 (ligamentos) to sprain
    7 figurado (sincerarse) to open out
    8 argot (largarse) to clear off, be off,
    ■ ¡adiós, me abro! bye, I'm off!, US I'm out of here!
    \
    abrir fuego MILITAR to open fire
    abrir la mano figurado to relax standards
    abrir paso to make way
    abrir un expediente DERECHO to start proceedings
    abrir una posibilidad to open up a possibility
    ■ la nueva ley abre la posibilidad de que los terroristas se reinserten en la sociedad the new law makes it possible for terrorists to be reintegrated into society
    abrirle la cabeza a alguien familiar to smash somebody's head in
    abrirse paso en la vida figurado to make one's way in life
    en un abrir y cerrar de ojos familiar in the twinkling of an eye
    no abrir (la) boca figurado not to say a word
    * * *
    verb
    3) undo
    * * *
    ( pp abierto)
    1. VT
    1) [algo que estaba cerrado]
    a) [+ puerta, armario, libro, ojos] to open; [+ cremallera, bragueta] to undo

    abrir una puerta/ventana de par en par — to open a door/window wide

    abre la boca — open your mouth; [en el dentista] open wide

    abrid el libro por la página 50 — turn to page 50 in the book, open the book at page 50

    b) [desplegando] [+ mapa, mantel] to spread out; [+ paraguas] to open, put up; [+ mano, abanico, paracaídas] to open
    c) [haciendo una abertura] [+ pozo] to sink; [+ foso, cimientos] to dig; [+ agujero, perforación] to make, bore; [+ camino] to clear; LAm [+ bosque] to clear
    d) [haciendo un corte] [+ sandía] to cut open; [+ herida] to open
    e) [+ grifo, luz, agua] to turn on; [+ válvula] to open

    ¿has abierto el gas? — have you turned the gas on?

    2) (=encabezar) [+ manifestación, desfile] to lead, head; [+ baile] to open, lead off; [+ lista] to head
    3) (=inaugurar)
    a) [+ acto, ceremonia] to open
    b) (Com) [+ negocio] to set up, start; [+ cuenta] to open

    abrir un expediente a algn — [investigación] to open a file on sb; [proceso] to begin proceedings against sb

    abrir una información — to open o start an inquiry

    c) (Tip)
    d) (Mil)

    ¡abran fuego! — (open) fire!

    4) (=ampliar) [+ perspectivas] to open up
    5) [+ apetito]
    2. VI
    1) [puerta, cajón] to open
    2) [persona] to open the door, open up

    ¡abre, soy yo! — open the door o open up, it's me!

    llamé pero no abrió nadie — I knocked at the door, but nobody answered

    3) [comercio, museo] to open
    4) [flor] to open
    5) [en operación quirúrgica]
    6) (Meteo) to clear up
    7) (Bridge) to open
    8) Caribe * (=huir) to escape, run off
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( en general) to open; < paraguas> to open, put up; < mapa> to open out, unfold; < cortinas> to open, draw back; < persianas> to raise, pull up; < cremallera> to undo
    2) <llave/gas> to turn on; < válvula> to open; < cerradura> to unlock
    3)
    a) <zanja/túnel> to dig; < agujero> to make
    b) < absceso> to open... up; < paciente> (fam) to open... up (colloq)
    4)
    a) <comercio/museo> ( para el quehacer diario) to open; ( inaugurar) to open (up)

    ¿a qué hora abren la taquilla? — what time does the box office open?

    b) <carretera/aeropuerto> to open; < frontera> to open (up)
    c) (Com) to open up
    5)
    a) ( iniciar) < cuenta bancaria> to open; < negocio> to start, set up; < suscripción> to take out; < caso> to open; < investigación> to begin, set up
    b) <acto/debate/baile> to open
    c) <desfile/cortejo> to head, lead
    d) <paréntesis/comillas> to open
    e)
    6) < apetito> to whet
    7) < perspectivas> to open up; < etapa> to mark the beginning of
    2.
    abrir vi
    1) persona to open up

    abre! soy yo — open the door o open up! it's me

    2) puerta/cajón to open
    3) comercio/museo to open
    4) acto/ceremonia to open; (Jueg) to open
    3.
    abrir v impers (fam) (Meteo)
    4.
    abrirse v pron
    1)
    a) puerta/ventana to open

    abrirse a algo — a jardín/corredor to open onto something

    b) flor/almeja to open; paracaídas to open
    2)
    a) (refl) <chaqueta/cremallera> to undo
    b) ( rajarse) madera/costura to split
    3)
    a) (liter) ( ofrecerse a la vista) to appear, unfold
    b) porvenir to lie ahead; perspectivas to open up
    4) período/era to begin
    5)
    a) ( confiarse)

    abrirse a alguien/algo — to open up to somebody/something

    6) (AmL fam) ( echarse atrás) to back out, get cold feet
    * * *
    = forge, open up, open, unfold, unfurl, unlock, splay, unzip.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. Here is a key paper by a non librarian which opens up a new and constructive approach to library purpose.
    Ex. The 1st phase of a cultural centre, with library, art gallery, swimming pool, cafe and day centre for the elderly, was opened in Sept 87.
    Ex. This algorithm handles cyclic graphs without unfolding the cycles nor looping through them.
    Ex. This volume is in fact three books shuffled together under one luscious cover, unfurling as a fantasia on technique that explores, among other things, Mau's riffs on modernism.
    Ex. This allows borrowers to browse but it is tedious for staff to keep unlocking the case every time a cassette is borrowed or returned.
    Ex. Walk your feet up the wall, then take the belt and place it on your upper arms right above your elbows to keep your arms from splaying.
    Ex. The full-length, two-direction zipper makes it easy to get on and off, and the bottom is easy to unzip for diaper changes.
    ----
    * ¡ábrete sésamo! = open sesame!.
    * abrir arrancando = rip + open.
    * abrir camino (a) = make + way (for).
    * abrir con lanceta = lance.
    * abrir con llave = unlock.
    * abrir cortando = lance.
    * abrir de nuevo = reopen [re-open].
    * abrir de un empujón = fling + open.
    * abrir dinamitando = blast.
    * abrir el apetito = whet + the appetite.
    * abrir el corazón = bare + Posesivo + soul.
    * abrir el debate = open + the debate.
    * abrir el mercado = open up + market.
    * abrir forzando = force + Nombre + open.
    * abrir forzando con palanca = prise + Nombre + open.
    * abrir fronteras = break + new ground, break + ground.
    * abrir fuego = open + fire.
    * abrir haciendo palanca = pry + Nombre + open.
    * abrir horizontes = open out + horizons.
    * abrir la boca = open + Posesivo + mouth.
    * abrir la mente = broaden + Posesivo + outlook.
    * abrir la puerta a = throw + open the door to.
    * abrir la puerta empujándola = push + open + door.
    * abrir las puertas de = unlock.
    * abrir los brazos = spread + hands.
    * abrir los ojos a = open + Posesivo + eyes to.
    * abrir + Nombre + al debate = open + Nombre + to discussion.
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrir nuevos horizontes = open + new realms, forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch out (into), branch into.
    * abrir paso (a) = make + way (for).
    * abrir puertas = open + avenues, open + doors.
    * abrirse = gape, swing + open, hew.
    * abrirse a = render + open to, open + Posesivo + mind up to.
    * abrirse a posibilidades = be open to possibilities.
    * abrirse camino = plough through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into, foist + Posesivo + way into, make + Posesivo + way in the world.
    * abrirse camino (a empujones) = push + Posesivo + way across/into.
    * abrirse camino en el mundo = make + Posesivo + way in the world.
    * abrirse camino en la vida = get on in + life.
    * abrirse en espiral = spiral out.
    * abrirse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head, smash + Posesivo + head open.
    * abrirse paso = jostle, break through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into.
    * abrirse un socavón = cave in.
    * abrir una brecha = breach.
    * abrir una cerradura con ganzúa = pick + lock.
    * abrir una consulta = hang out + Posesivo + shingle.
    * abrir un agujero = cut + hole.
    * abrir una interrogante sobre = leave + open the question of.
    * abrir una negociación = open up + negotiation.
    * abrir una ventana = switch on + window.
    * abrir un camino = chart + direction.
    * abrir un menú = pop up + a menu.
    * a medio abrir = half-opened.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in a jiffy, in the time it takes to flick a switch, at the flick of a switch, with the flick of a switch, in a flash, in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time, with the tip of a hat, in and out in a flash, in a heartbeat, as quick as a wink, at the drop of a hat, in a trice.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in the blink of an eye, in the twinkling of an eye, in a snap.
    * paréntesis que abre = left parenthesis.
    * sin abrir = unopened.
    * sin abrirse = unfolded.
    * volver a abrir = be back in business.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( en general) to open; < paraguas> to open, put up; < mapa> to open out, unfold; < cortinas> to open, draw back; < persianas> to raise, pull up; < cremallera> to undo
    2) <llave/gas> to turn on; < válvula> to open; < cerradura> to unlock
    3)
    a) <zanja/túnel> to dig; < agujero> to make
    b) < absceso> to open... up; < paciente> (fam) to open... up (colloq)
    4)
    a) <comercio/museo> ( para el quehacer diario) to open; ( inaugurar) to open (up)

    ¿a qué hora abren la taquilla? — what time does the box office open?

    b) <carretera/aeropuerto> to open; < frontera> to open (up)
    c) (Com) to open up
    5)
    a) ( iniciar) < cuenta bancaria> to open; < negocio> to start, set up; < suscripción> to take out; < caso> to open; < investigación> to begin, set up
    b) <acto/debate/baile> to open
    c) <desfile/cortejo> to head, lead
    d) <paréntesis/comillas> to open
    e)
    6) < apetito> to whet
    7) < perspectivas> to open up; < etapa> to mark the beginning of
    2.
    abrir vi
    1) persona to open up

    abre! soy yo — open the door o open up! it's me

    2) puerta/cajón to open
    3) comercio/museo to open
    4) acto/ceremonia to open; (Jueg) to open
    3.
    abrir v impers (fam) (Meteo)
    4.
    abrirse v pron
    1)
    a) puerta/ventana to open

    abrirse a algo — a jardín/corredor to open onto something

    b) flor/almeja to open; paracaídas to open
    2)
    a) (refl) <chaqueta/cremallera> to undo
    b) ( rajarse) madera/costura to split
    3)
    a) (liter) ( ofrecerse a la vista) to appear, unfold
    b) porvenir to lie ahead; perspectivas to open up
    4) período/era to begin
    5)
    a) ( confiarse)

    abrirse a alguien/algo — to open up to somebody/something

    6) (AmL fam) ( echarse atrás) to back out, get cold feet
    * * *
    = forge, open up, open, unfold, unfurl, unlock, splay, unzip.

    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.

    Ex: Here is a key paper by a non librarian which opens up a new and constructive approach to library purpose.
    Ex: The 1st phase of a cultural centre, with library, art gallery, swimming pool, cafe and day centre for the elderly, was opened in Sept 87.
    Ex: This algorithm handles cyclic graphs without unfolding the cycles nor looping through them.
    Ex: This volume is in fact three books shuffled together under one luscious cover, unfurling as a fantasia on technique that explores, among other things, Mau's riffs on modernism.
    Ex: This allows borrowers to browse but it is tedious for staff to keep unlocking the case every time a cassette is borrowed or returned.
    Ex: Walk your feet up the wall, then take the belt and place it on your upper arms right above your elbows to keep your arms from splaying.
    Ex: The full-length, two-direction zipper makes it easy to get on and off, and the bottom is easy to unzip for diaper changes.
    * ¡ábrete sésamo! = open sesame!.
    * abrir arrancando = rip + open.
    * abrir camino (a) = make + way (for).
    * abrir con lanceta = lance.
    * abrir con llave = unlock.
    * abrir cortando = lance.
    * abrir de nuevo = reopen [re-open].
    * abrir de un empujón = fling + open.
    * abrir dinamitando = blast.
    * abrir el apetito = whet + the appetite.
    * abrir el corazón = bare + Posesivo + soul.
    * abrir el debate = open + the debate.
    * abrir el mercado = open up + market.
    * abrir forzando = force + Nombre + open.
    * abrir forzando con palanca = prise + Nombre + open.
    * abrir fronteras = break + new ground, break + ground.
    * abrir fuego = open + fire.
    * abrir haciendo palanca = pry + Nombre + open.
    * abrir horizontes = open out + horizons.
    * abrir la boca = open + Posesivo + mouth.
    * abrir la mente = broaden + Posesivo + outlook.
    * abrir la puerta a = throw + open the door to.
    * abrir la puerta empujándola = push + open + door.
    * abrir las puertas de = unlock.
    * abrir los brazos = spread + hands.
    * abrir los ojos a = open + Posesivo + eyes to.
    * abrir + Nombre + al debate = open + Nombre + to discussion.
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrir nuevos horizontes = open + new realms, forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch out (into), branch into.
    * abrir paso (a) = make + way (for).
    * abrir puertas = open + avenues, open + doors.
    * abrirse = gape, swing + open, hew.
    * abrirse a = render + open to, open + Posesivo + mind up to.
    * abrirse a posibilidades = be open to possibilities.
    * abrirse camino = plough through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into, foist + Posesivo + way into, make + Posesivo + way in the world.
    * abrirse camino (a empujones) = push + Posesivo + way across/into.
    * abrirse camino en el mundo = make + Posesivo + way in the world.
    * abrirse camino en la vida = get on in + life.
    * abrirse en espiral = spiral out.
    * abrirse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head, smash + Posesivo + head open.
    * abrirse paso = jostle, break through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into.
    * abrirse un socavón = cave in.
    * abrir una brecha = breach.
    * abrir una cerradura con ganzúa = pick + lock.
    * abrir una consulta = hang out + Posesivo + shingle.
    * abrir un agujero = cut + hole.
    * abrir una interrogante sobre = leave + open the question of.
    * abrir una negociación = open up + negotiation.
    * abrir una ventana = switch on + window.
    * abrir un camino = chart + direction.
    * abrir un menú = pop up + a menu.
    * a medio abrir = half-opened.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in a jiffy, in the time it takes to flick a switch, at the flick of a switch, with the flick of a switch, in a flash, in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time, with the tip of a hat, in and out in a flash, in a heartbeat, as quick as a wink, at the drop of a hat, in a trice.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in the blink of an eye, in the twinkling of an eye, in a snap.
    * paréntesis que abre = left parenthesis.
    * sin abrir = unopened.
    * sin abrirse = unfolded.
    * volver a abrir = be back in business.

    * * *
    abrir [ I33 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹puerta/ventana/armario› to open ver tb puerta
    2 ‹ojos/boca› to open ver tb
    3 ‹paquete/maleta› to open; ‹carta/sobre› to open
    4 ‹botella/frasco/lata› to open
    5 ‹paraguas› to open, put up; ‹abanico› to open; ‹mapa› to open out, unfold; ‹libro› to open; ‹mano› to open
    6 ‹cortinas› to open, draw back; ‹persianas› to raise, pull up
    B ‹grifo/agua/gas› to turn on; ‹válvula› to open
    C
    1 ‹zanja/túnel› to dig; ‹agujero› to make
    la bomba abrió un boquete en la pared the bomb blew o blasted a hole in the wall
    abrieron una entrada en la pared they made o smashed a hole in the wall
    abrieron una zanja en la calzada they dug a trench in the road
    le abrió la cabeza de una pedrada he hit her with a stone and gashed her head
    abrió un abismo insondable entre los dos países it created a yawning gulf between the two countries
    2 ‹absceso› to open … up ‹paciente›
    va a haber que abrirlo ( fam); they're going to have to open him up o cut him open ( colloq)
    D
    1 ‹comercio/museo/restaurante› (para el quehacer diario) to open; (inaugurar) to open (up)
    ¿a qué hora abren el mercado? what time does the market open?
    ¿a qué hora abren la taquilla? what time does the box office open?
    van a abrir un nuevo hospital they're going to open a new hospital
    la exposición se abrirá al público mañana the exhibition will open to the public tomorrow
    2 ‹carretera/aeropuerto› to open; ‹frontera› to open (up) camino m B 1. (↑ camino), paso1 (↑ paso (1))
    3 ( Com) to open up
    con el fin de abrir nuevos mercados para nuestros productos with the aim of opening up new markets for our products
    4 ( Inf) ‹documento/fichero› to open
    E (iniciar) ‹cuenta bancaria› to open; ‹negocio› to start, set up; ‹suscripción› to take out; ‹caso› to open; ‹investigación› to begin, set up
    todavía no se ha abierto la matrícula registration hasn't begun yet
    F
    1 (dar comienzo a) ‹acto/debate/ceremonia› to open
    abrieron el baile los novios the bride and groom opened the dancing
    ¡abran fuego! open fire!
    2 ‹desfile/cortejo› to head, lead
    3 ‹paréntesis/comillas› to open
    G ‹apeitito› to whet
    la caminata me abrió el apetito the walk whetted my appetite
    H ‹perspectivas› to open up
    el acuerdo abre un panorama desolador para la flota pesquera the agreement points to o ( frml) presages a bleak future for the fishing fleet
    este descubrimiento abre nuevas posibilidades en este campo this discovery opens up new possibilities in this field
    abriría una etapa de entendimiento mutuo it was to mark the beginning of o to herald the beginning of o to usher in a period of mutual understanding
    I
    (hacer más receptivo): le había abierto la mente it had made her more open-minded
    abrir algo A algo to open sth up TO sth
    para abrir nuestro país a las nuevas corrientes ideológicas to open our country up to new ways of thinking
    ■ abrir
    vi
    A «persona» to open up
    ¡abre! soy yo open the door o open up! it's me
    llaman al timbre, ve a abrir there's someone ringing the bell, go and answer it
    B «puerta/ventana/cajón» to open
    esta ventana no abre/no abre bien this window doesn't open/doesn't open properly
    C «comerciante/comercio/oficina» to open
    no abrimos los domingos we don't open on Sundays, we're not open on Sundays
    la biblioteca abre de nueve a tres the library is open from nine till three
    el museo abrirá al público el próximo lunes the museum will open to the public next Monday
    D
    1 «acto/ceremonia» to open
    2 ( Jueg) to open
    E ( fam)
    (para operar): va a haber que abrir we're going to have to open him up ( colloq), we're going to have to cut him open ( colloq)
    ■
    ( fam) ( Meteo):
    parece que quiere abrir it looks as if it's going to clear up
    A
    1 «puerta/ventana» to open
    abrirse A algo to open INTO/ ONTO sth
    las habitaciones se abren a un corredor/a un patio interior the rooms open onto a corridor/into a courtyard
    2 «flor/almeja» to open
    3 «paracaídas» to open
    B
    1 ( refl) ‹chaqueta/cremallera› to undo
    2
    (rajarse): se cayó y se abrió la cabeza she fell and split her head open
    3 ( refl) ‹venas›
    se abrió las venas he slashed his wrists
    4 ‹muñeca/tobillo› to sprain
    5 «madera/costura» to split
    la tela se está abriendo en las costuras the fabric's going o beginning to go o beginning to split at the seams
    camino m B 1. (↑ camino), paso1 (↑ paso (1))
    C
    1 ( liter)
    (ofrecerse a la vista): un espléndido panorama se abrió ante sus ojos the most beautiful view unfolded before their eyes ( liter)
    al final de la calle se abría una plazuela the end of the street opened out into a little square
    2 «perspectivas» to open up
    con este descubrimiento se abren nuevos horizontes this discovery opens up new horizons
    un maravilloso porvenir se abre ante nosotros a wonderful future lies ahead of us, we have a wonderful future ahead of us
    D ‹período› to begin
    con este tratado se abre una nueva etapa en las relaciones bilaterales this treaty marks o heralds a new era in bilateral relations
    E
    1 (confiarse) abrirse A algn to open up TO sb
    nuestro país debe abrirse a las influencias externas our country must open up to outside influences
    F
    1 ( arg) (marcharse) to be off ( colloq), to take off ( AmE colloq)
    yo a las cinco me abro come five o'clock I'm off o I'll be off o I'm taking off
    2 ( AmL fam) (echarse atrás) to back out, get cold feet
    * * *

     

    abrir ( conjugate abrir) verbo transitivo
    1 ( en general) to open;
    ‹ paraguas› to open, put up;
    ‹ mapa› to open out, unfold;
    ‹ cortinas› to open, draw back;
    ‹ persianas› to raise, pull up;
    ‹ cremallera› to undo
    2 ‹llave/gas› to turn on;
    ‹ válvula› to open;
    ‹ cerradura› to unlock
    3
    a) ‹zanja/túnel› to dig;

    ‹ agujero› to make
    b) (fam) ‹ paciente› to open … up (colloq)

    4
    a) ‹comercio/museo› ( para el quehacer diario) to open;

    ( inaugurar) to open (up);
    ◊ ¿a qué hora abren la taquilla? what time does the box office open?

    b) ‹carretera/aeropuerto› to open;

    ‹ frontera› to open (up)
    5

    ‹ negocio› to start, set up;
    ‹ suscripción› to take out;
    ‹ investigación› to begin, set up;

    abrir fuego to open fire
    b) ‹acto/debate/baile› to open

    c) ‹desfile/cortejo› to head, lead

    d) ‹paréntesis/comillas› to open

    6 ‹ apetito› to whet
    abrirse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) [puerta/ventana] to open;

    abrirse a algo ‹a jardín/corredor› to open onto sth
    b) [flor/almeja] to open;

    [ paracaídas] to open
    2 ( refl) ‹chaqueta/cremallera› to undo
    3

    [ perspectivas] to open up;

    b) [período/era] to begin

    abrir
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (separar, permitir el acceso, desplegar) to open
    (una cerradura) to unlock
    (una cremallera) to undo
    2 (una llave, un grifo) to turn on
    3 (hacer una zanja, un túnel, etc) to dig
    (hacer un ojal, el agujero de una ventana) to make: abriremos una ventana en esta pared, we'll make an opening for a window on this wall
    4 (iniciar un discurso, una actividad) to open, start: van a abrir una tienda en la esquina, they're going to open a shop on the corner
    tienes que abrir una cuenta en este banco, you've got to open an account at this bank
    5 (ampliar, expandir) to open: deberíamos abrir nuestro mercado, we should open up our market
    6 (rajar) to slit: cuando abrimos la sandía resultó que no estaba madura, when we cut open the watermelon we realised that it wasn't ripe
    abrieron la res en canal, they slit open the animal
    7 Jur a Álvarez le han abierto un expediente, they have started investigating Álvarez
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to open
    ♦ Locuciones: en un abrir y cerrar de ojos, in the twinkling of an eye
    ' abrir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    caja
    - canal
    - dar
    - fuego
    - ojo
    - poner
    - tardar
    - zanja
    - apalancar
    - baile
    - correr
    - cuenta
    - grifo
    - intención
    - palanca
    - paso
    English:
    answer
    - blaze
    - claw
    - door
    - draw
    - fire
    - force
    - get
    - hurtle
    - instruct
    - light
    - manage
    - open
    - open up
    - prise
    - put on
    - put up
    - reopen
    - sharpen
    - snap
    - trice
    - turn on
    - twinkling
    - unlock
    - unwrap
    - whet
    - whisk away
    - whisk off
    - work up
    - wrench
    - bore
    - breach
    - downstairs
    - gouge
    - ground
    - lance
    - lever
    - pick
    - put
    - quarry
    - set
    - sink
    - splay
    - start
    - time
    - try
    - tunnel
    - turn
    - undo
    - unopened
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [en general] to open;
    [alas] to spread; [agua, gas] to turn on; [cerradura] to unlock, to open; Informát [archivo] to open; [cremallera] to undo; [melón, sandía] to cut open; [paraguas] to open; [cortinas] to open, to draw; [persianas] to raise; [frontera] to open (up);
    ella abrió la caja she opened the box;
    abre el grifo turn the Br tap o US faucet on;
    abrir un libro to open a book;
    abrir la licitación/sesión to open the bidding/session;
    en un abrir y cerrar de ojos in the blink o twinkling of an eye
    2. [túnel] to dig;
    [canal, camino] to build; [agujero, surco] to make;
    la explosión abrió un gran agujero en la pared the explosion blasted a big hole in the wall;
    le abrieron la cabeza de un botellazo they smashed his head open with a bottle
    3. [iniciar] [cuenta bancaria] to open;
    [investigación] to open, to start
    4. [inaugurar] to open;
    van a abrir un nuevo centro comercial they're going to open a new shopping centre
    5. [apetito] to whet;
    la natación abre el apetito swimming makes you hungry
    6. [signo ortográfico] to open;
    abrir comillas/paréntesis to open inverted commas/brackets
    7. [encabezar] [lista] to head;
    [manifestación, desfile] to lead
    8. [mentalidad] to open;
    viajar le ha abierto la mente travelling has opened her mind o made her more open-minded
    9. [posibilidades] to open up;
    el acuerdo abre una nueva época de co-operación the agreement paves the way for a new era of co-operation;
    la empresa intenta abrir nuevos mercados en el exterior the company is trying to open up new markets abroad
    10. [comenzar] to open;
    el discurso del Presidente abrió el congreso the President's speech opened the congress;
    abrió su participación en el torneo con una derrota she opened o started the tournament with a defeat
    11.
    abrir fuego (sobre o [m5] contra) [disparar] to open fire (on)
    12. también Fig
    abrir paso o [m5] camino to clear the way;
    su dimisión abre paso a una nueva generación his resignation clears the way for a new generation
    13. Dep
    abrir el juego to play a more open o expansive game
    14. Fam [operar]
    tuvieron que abrir al paciente para sacarle la bala they had to cut the patient open to remove the bullet
    15. Col, Cuba [desbrozar] to clear
    ♦ vi
    1. [en general] to open;
    la tienda abre a las nueve the shop opens at nine (o'clock);
    abrimos también los domingos [en letrero] also open on Sundays
    2. [abrir la puerta] to open the door;
    abre, que corra un poco el aire open the door and let a bit of air in here;
    ¡abra, policía! open up, it's the police!
    3. [en juego de cartas] to open;
    me toca abrir a mí it's my lead
    4. Fam [en operación]
    será una intervención sencilla, no hará falta abrir it's a straightforward procedure, we won't need to cut her open
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 open; nuevos mercados open (up);
    abrir los ojos open one’s eyes;
    abrir al tráfico open to traffic;
    abrir camino fig pave the way;
    le abrió el apetito it gave him an appetite
    2 túnel dig
    3 grifo turn on
    II v/i de persona open up; de ventana, puerta open (a onto);
    a medio abrir half-open;
    en un abrir y cerrar de ojos in the twinkling of an eye
    * * *
    abrir {2} vt
    1) : to open
    2) : to unlock, to undo
    3) : to turn on (a tap or faucet)
    abrir vi
    : to open, to open up
    * * *
    abrir vb
    1. (en general) to open
    ¿a qué hora abren los bancos? what time do the banks open?
    2. (grifo, gas) to turn on

    Spanish-English dictionary > abrir

  • 4 wr|ócić

    pf — wr|acać impf Ⅰ vt przest. to restore
    - wrócić komuś siły/zdrowie to restore sb’s strength/health
    Ⅱ vi 1. (przybyć z powrotem) to return, to come a. get back
    - wracał zawsze z przyjemnością do domu po urlopie he was always glad to get back home after his holidays
    - właśnie wróciliśmy ze spaceru we’ve just come back from a walk
    2. (zawrócić) to go back
    - wróciła z drogi, bo zaczął padać deszcz she went back home because it started raining
    3. (być oddanym) to be returned
    - oddane książki wracają w bibliotece na swoje miejsca books returned to the library are put back in their places
    - ziemie piastowskie wróciły po wojnie do Polski after the war the old lands of the Piast dynasty reverted to Poland
    - skradzione rzeczy wróciły do właściciela the stolen articles were returned to the owner
    4. (zacząć ponownie) to return, to go back
    - po obiedzie wrócił znów do książki he returned to his book after dinner
    - wrócili do przerwanej rozmowy they resumed their conversation
    - wróćmy do pierwszego pytania let’s go back to the first question
    5. (odzyskać poprzedni stan) wrócił do zdrowia po długiej chorobie he recovered after a long illness
    - wracać do równowagi to regain balance
    - życie wraca do normy life’s getting back to normal
    6. (pojawić się ponownie) to return, to come back
    - wrócił mu dobry humor he’s back in high spirits
    - wróciła mu pamięć o doznanych krzywdach his memories of the pain he’d experienced returned
    - do ich małżeństwa wróciła namiętność they rediscovered the passion in their marriage
    - wróciła jej mowa she regained her powers of speech
    Ⅲ wrócić się — wracać się pot. 1. (zawrócić) to go a. turn back
    - wrócił się po płaszcz he went back to get his coat
    2. (powtórzyć się) nie wrócą się dawne chwile there’s no returning a. going back to the past
    - nie wróci się to, co było you can’t turn back the clock
    3. (odzyskać pieniądze) jego zeszłoroczne inwestycje już mu się wróciły he’s made back the money he invested last year
    ■ wracać do łask to return to favour GB, to return to favor US
    - wracać do rzeczy to get back to the point
    - wracać do siebie (odzyskać zdrowie) to recover; (odzyskać przytomność) to come to (oneself), to regain consciousness
    - wrócić do kogoś (po rozstaniu) to go back to sb, to get back together with sb
    - wrócić do świata a. do ludzi to resume one’s social life
    - wrócić z kwitkiem a. z niczym pot. to return empty-handed
    - wracajmy a. wróćmy do rzeczywistości let’s get back to reality
    - słówko wyleci wróblem, a wraca wołem przysł. ≈ you say one thing and it comes back completely different

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > wr|ócić

  • 5 be

    I [biː] гл., прош. вр. 1 л., 3 л. ед. was, 2 л. ед., мн. were, прич. прош. вр. been
    1) быть; быть живым, жить; существовать

    I think, therefore I am. — Я мыслю, следовательно, существую.

    Tyrants and sycophants have been and are. — Тираны и подхалимы были и есть.

    So much that was not is beginning to be. — Так много из того, чего раньше не было, появляется.

    Content to be and to be well. — Он доволен, что жив, и что у него всё неплохо.

    Syn:
    2) происходить, случаться, иметь место

    Be it as it may. — Будь как будет.

    The flower-show was last week. — На прошлой неделе была выставка цветов.

    Syn:
    take place, happen, occur
    3) занимать (какое-л. место, положение); находиться (где-л.), принимать (какую-л.) позу или позицию

    I'm sorry, Mr Baker is not at home; can I take a message? — Мистера Бейкера нет дома, что-нибудь передать ему?

    Your book is here, under the table. — Да вот твоя книжка, под столом.

    You shall be beside me in the church. — Ты будешь стоять рядом со мной в церкви.

    The bank is between the shoe shop and the post office. — Банк расположен между почтой и обувным магазином.

    The valley where we live is beyond the mountains. — Долина, в которой мы живём, расположена за этими горами.

    Is Mary down yet? Her eggs are getting cold. — Разве Мэри ещё не спустилась (к завтраку)? Её яичница остывает.

    We must try to be away by 8 o'clock. — Нужно попытаться к 8 часам уже уйти.

    There's nobody about, you'd better come back later. — Сейчас никого нет, может быть, вам лучше зайти попозже?

    Jim is about somewhere, if you'd like to wait. — Джим где-то поблизости, вы можете подождать.

    There's a branch above you - can you reach it? — Над тобой ветка, достанешь до неё?

    The captain of a ship is above a seaman. — Звание капитана корабля выше звания матроса.

    Jim was abreast of the leading runner for a few minutes but then fell behind. — Сначала Джим бежал наравне с лидером, но потом отстал.

    When all your toys are away, I will read you a story. — Я почитаю тебе сказку, если ты уберёшь на место все игрушки.

    The hotel is on the upper floors, and the shops are below. — Гостиница расположена на верхних этажах, а магазин - ниже.

    The home of a rabbit is usually beneath the ground. — Кролики обычно роют свои норки в земле.

    Long skirts will be back next year. — В следующем году в моде снова будут длинные юбки.

    So many children are away this week with colds. — На этой неделе многие дети отсутствуют по болезни.

    When I returned from the police station, the jewels were back in their box; the thieves must have got frightened and replaced them. — Когда я вернулась домой из полиции, драгоценности снова были в шкатулке. Должно быть, воры испугались и положили их обратно.

    Your letters are behind the clock, where I always put them. — Твои письма за часами; там, куда я всегда кладу их.

    4) находиться в (каком-л.) состоянии; обладать (каким-л.) качеством

    to be afraid — страшиться, бояться, трусить; опасаться

    to be amazed / astonished — изумляться, удивляться

    to be frightened / startled — пугаться

    to be indignant — негодовать, возмущаться; обижаться, сердиться

    to be slow / tardy — медлить, мешкать; опаздывать, запаздывать; отставать

    to be stuffed — объедаться, переедать

    to be remorseful — раскаиваться; сокрушаться; каяться, сожалеть

    to be in a hurry — спешить, торопиться

    to be lenient — попустительствовать, потакать, потворствовать

    to be mistaken — заблуждаться, ошибаться

    to be at an end — заканчиваться, подходить к концу

    My patience is at an end, I can listen to her complaints no longer. — Моё терпение лопнуло, я больше не могу слушать её жалобы.

    It's quite dark, it must be after 10 o'clock. — Уже довольно темно, сейчас, должно быть, около 10 часов.

    Proposals that have been under deliberation. — Предложения, которые рассматривались.

    5) ( have been) побывать (где-л.)

    Where have you been? I've just been about the town. — Где ты был? Гулял по городу.

    Syn:
    6) оставаться, пребывать (в каком-л. состоянии); не меняться, продолжать быть, как раньше

    Let things be. — Пусть всё будет как есть.

    Syn:

    Being they are Church-men, we may rather suspect... — Имея в виду, что они священники, можно подозревать…

    8) принадлежать (кому-л.), относиться ( к чему-л); сопровождать, сопутствовать

    Well is him that hath (= has) found prudence. — Благо тому, кто стал благоразумен.

    Good fortune be with you. — Пусть удача сопутствует тебе.

    Syn:
    9) (there + личная форма от be) иметься, наличествовать

    There is some cheese in the fridge. — В холодильнике есть немного сыра.

    There are many problems with her essay. — С её эссе много проблем.

    а) означать, значить; быть эквивалентным чему-л.

    To fall was to die. — Упасть означало умереть.

    I'll tell you what it is, you must leave. — Я тебе скажу, в чём дело - тебе уходить пора.

    State is me. — Государство это я.

    Let thinking be reasoning. — Будем считать, что думать значит размышлять.

    б) занимать место в ряду; характеризоваться признаками

    Only by being man can we know man. — Только будучи людьми мы можем познать человека.

    He was of Memphis. — Он был из Мемфиса.

    в) иметь значение, быть значимым

    Is it nothing to you? —Это ничего для тебя не значит?

    11) (if … were / was to do smth.) если бы … имело место ( сослагательное наклонение)

    If I were to propose, would you accept? — Если бы я сделал тебе предложение, ты бы согласилась?

    12) (be to do smth.) быть обязанным сделать (что-л.; выражает долженствование)

    The president is to arrive at 9.30. — Президент должен приехать в 9.30.

    You are not to leave before I say so. — Ты не должен уходить, пока я тебе не разрешу.

    I was this morning to buy silk for a nightcap. — Тем утром мне нужно было сходить купить шёлка на ночной колпак.

    He is to go home. — Он должен пойти домой.

    13) (be + about to do smth.) собираться (сделать что-л.)

    He is about to go. — Он собирается уходить.

    The water is about to boil. — Вода вот-вот закипит.

    Syn:
    14) ( be about) делать, исполнять; заниматься (чем-л.)

    What are you about? I'm about my business. — Чем вы сейчас занимаетесь? У меня свой бизнес.

    15) ( be above) быть безупречным, вне подозрений, выше критики

    Her action during the fire was above reproach. — Её поведение во время пожара было безупречным.

    The chairman's decision is not above criticism. — С решением председателя можно поспорить.

    16) ( be after)
    а) преследовать (кого-л.)

    Why is the dog running so fast? He's after rabbits. — Почему собака так быстро бежит? Она гонится за кроликом.

    Quick, hide me, the police are after me! — Спрячь меня скорее, за мной гонится полиция.

    Jim is after another job. — Джим хочет устроиться на другую работу.

    Don't marry him, he's only after your money. — Не выходи за него замуж, ему нужны только твои деньги.

    She's been after me for a year to buy her a new coat. — Она целый год приставала ко мне, чтобы ей купили новое пальто.

    в) разг. журить, бранить; ругать

    She's always after the children for one thing or another. — Она всегда за что-нибудь ругает детей.

    17) ( be against)
    а) противостоять (кому-л. / чему-л.)

    Driving without seat belts may soon be against the law. — Вести машину непристёгнутым скоро может стать нарушением правил.

    Father was against (his daughter) marrying young. — Отец был против того, чтобы дочь выходила замуж в юном возрасте.

    б) противоречить (чему-л.)

    Lying is against my principles. — Ложь противоречит моим жизненным принципам.

    18) ( be along) приходить

    Jim will be along (to the meeting) in a minute. — Через минуту-другую Джим придёт.

    19) ( be at)
    а) разг. настроиться на (что-л.)
    Syn:
    drive 1. 16)
    б) разг. ругать (кого-л.), нападать на (кого-л.), приставать к (кому-л.)
    в) осуществлять активно (что-л.), посвятить себя (чему-л.)

    Jim has been at his work for hours. — Джим часами сидит за работой.

    г) разг. быть популярным, быть модным

    You must get your clothes in the King's Road, that's where it's at. — Ты можешь отвезти свою одежду на Кинг Роуд, там её оценят по достоинству.

    д) трогать (что-л.) чужое; рыться в (чем-л.)
    Syn:
    meddle 2)
    е) атаковать (кого-л.)

    Our men are ready, sir, all armed and eager to be at the enemy. — Солдаты находятся в боевой готовности, сэр, они все вооружены и жаждут броситься в бой.

    ж) приводить к (чему-л.), заканчиваться (чем-л.)

    What would he be at? - At her, if she's at leisure. — Ну и чего он достигнет? - Будет рядом с ней, если ей захочется.

    20) ( be before) обвиняться, предстать перед (судом, законом)

    Peter has been before the court again on a charge of driving while drunk. — Питер снова предстал перед судом за то, что находился за рулём в нетрезвом состоянии.

    Syn:
    bring 5), go 1. 25)
    21) ( be behind) служить причиной, крыться за (чем-л.), стоять за (чем-л.)

    What's behind his offer? — Интересно, что заставило его сделать такое предложение?

    22) ( be below)
    а) быть ниже (нормы, стандартных требований)

    I'm disappointed in your work; it is below your usual standard. — Я неприятно удивлён результатами вашей работы, обычно вы справляетесь с заданием гораздо лучше.

    б) быть ниже по званию, чину

    A captain is below a major. — Капитан по званию ниже, чем майор.

    By joining the army late, he found that he was below many men much younger than himself. — Довольно поздно вступив на военную службу, он обнаружил, что многие из тех, кто младше его по возрасту, старше по званию.

    23) ( be beneath) быть позорным для (кого-л.); быть ниже (чьго-л.) достоинства

    Cheating at cards is beneath me. — Я считаю ниже своего достоинства жульничать при игре в карты.

    I should have thought it was beneath you to consider such an offer. — Я должен был догадаться, что вы сочтёте недостойным рассматривать подобные предложения.

    24) ( be beyond)
    а) выходить за пределы возможного или ожидаемого; не подлежать (чему-л.), выходить за рамки (чего-л.)

    to be beyond a joke — переставать быть забавным; становиться слишком серьёзным

    Your continual lateness is now beyond a joke; if you're not on time tomorrow, you will be dismissed. — Ваши постоянные опоздания уже перестали быть просто шуткой; если вы и завтра не придёте вовремя, мы вынуждены будем вас уволить.

    Your rudeness is beyond endurance - kindly leave my house! — Ваша грубость становится невыносимой, я бы попросил вас покинуть мой дом!

    The soldier's brave deed was beyond the call of duty. — Храбрый поступок солдата превосходил обычное представление о долге.

    Calling spirits from the dead proved to be beyond the magician's powers. — Вызывать духов умерших людей оказалось за пределами возможностей чародея.

    I'm afraid this old piano is now beyond repair so we'd better get rid of it. — Боюсь, что это старое пианино не подлежит ремонту, и лучше было бы избавиться от него.

    б) превзойти (что-л.)

    The amount of money that I won was beyond all my hopes. — Сумма выигрыша была намного больше того, о чём я мог хотя бы мечтать.

    в) = be beyond one's ken быть слишком сложным для (кого-л.); быть выше (чьего-л.) понимания

    I'm afraid this book's beyond me; have you an easier one? — Мне кажется, что эта книга слишком сложная для меня; у вас нет чего-нибудь попроще?

    It's beyond me which house to choose, they're both so nice! — Я решительно не знаю, какой дом выбрать. Они оба такие красивые!

    The details of different kinds of life insurance are quite beyond my ken, so I have to take the advice of professionals. — Вопросы особенностей и различных видов медицинского страхования слишком трудны для моего понимания. Лучше я обращусь к помощи специалистов.

    Syn:
    get 1. 28)
    25) ( be for) поддерживать (кого-л. / что-л.) ; быть "за" (что-л.), защищать (что-л.)

    I'm for it. — Я за, я поддерживаю.

    You are for the chairman's plan, aren't you? Yes, I'm all for it. — Вы одобряете план, предложенный председателем, не так ли? Да, мне он нравится.

    No, I'm for keeping the old methods. — Нет, я приверженец старых методов.

    Syn:
    26) ( be into) разг. быть заинтересованным в (чём-л.)

    She doesn't eat meat now, she's really into health food. — Она не ест мяса и увлекается здоровой пищей.

    27) ( be off)
    а) не посещать (работу, учёбу); закончить (работу, выполнение обязанностей)

    Jane was off school all last week with her cold. — Джейн всю прошлую неделю не ходила в школу по болезни.

    в) не хотеть, не быть заинтересованным; перестать интересоваться

    Jane has been off her food since she caught a cold. — С тех пор, как Джейн простудилась, ей не хотелось есть.

    I've been off that kind of music for some time now. — Некоторое время мне не хотелось слушать такую музыку.

    28) ( be (up)on)

    Mother has been on that medicine for months, and it doesn't seem to do her any good. — Мама принимает это лекарство уже несколько месяцев, и кажется, что оно ей совсем не помогает.

    I've been on this treatment for some weeks and I must say I do feel better. — Я уже несколько недель принимаю это лекарство и, должен сказать, чувствую себя лучше.

    б) делать ставку на (кого-л. / что-л.)

    My money's on Sam, is yours? — Я поставил на Сэма, а ты?

    Our money's on Northern Dancer to win the third race. — Мы поставили на то, что Северный Танцор выиграет в третьем забеге.

    Syn:
    stake II 2., wager
    в) разг. быть оплаченным (кем-л.)

    Put your money away, this meal is on me. — Убери деньги, я заплачу за обед.

    29) ( be onto)
    а) связаться с (кем-л.; особенно по телефону)

    I've been onto the director, but he says he can't help. — Я разговаривал с директором, но он говорит, что не может помочь.

    б) разг. постоянно просить (кого-л.) о (чём-л.)

    She's been onto me to buy her a new coat for a year. — Она постоянно в течение года просила меня купить ей новое пальто.

    в) разг. открывать, обнаруживать (что-л.)

    Don't think I haven't been onto your little plan for some time. — Не думай, что я не знал какое-то время о твоём плане.

    The police are onto us, we'd better hide. — Полиция знает о нас, уж лучше мы спрячемся.

    30) ( be over) тратить много времени на (что-л.); долго заниматься (чем-л.), долго сидеть над (чем-л.)

    Don't be all night over finishing your book. — Не сиди всю ночь напролёт, заканчивая свою книгу.

    31) ( be past) быть трудным (для понимания, совершения)

    It's past me what he means! — Я совершенно не понимаю, что он имеет в виду.

    I'll save this book till the children are older; it's a little past them at the moment. — Я приберегу эту книгу до тех пор, пока дети немного повзрослеют. Сейчас она слишком сложна для них.

    The old man felt that he was now past going out every day, so he asked some young people to do his shopping. — Пожилой человек почувствовал, что ему становится трудно выходить на улицу каждый день, и он попросил молодых людей покупать ему продукты.

    Syn:
    get 1. 28)
    32) ( be under)
    а) подчиняться (кому-л.)

    The whole army is under the general's command. — Вся армия находится под командованием генерала.

    б) лечиться (у какого-л. врача)

    Jane has been under that doctor for three years. — Джейн в течение трёх лет лечилась у этого врача.

    в) чувствовать влияние, находиться под влиянием (чего-л.)

    When Jim came home singing and shouting, we knew that he was under the influence of drink. — Когда Джим с криками и пением пришёл домой, мы поняли, что он был пьян.

    33) ( be with)
    а) разг. поддерживать (кого-л.)

    We're with you all the way in your fight for equal rights. — Мы от всей души поддерживаем вас в борьбе за равноправие.

    б) разг. понимать и любить (что-л. современное); одобрять

    I'm not with these new fashions, I find them ugly. — Я не понимаю нынешних течений в моде. По-моему, это просто ужасно.

    34) ( be within) принадлежать, являться частью (чего-л.)

    I can answer your question if it's within my competence. — Я могу ответить на ваш вопрос, если это входит в сферу моей компетенции.

    35) ( be without) не хватать, недоставать

    Many homes in Britain were without electricity during parts of the winter. — Временами зимой во многих домах Великобритании отключали электричество.

    •
    - be around
    - be away
    - be behind
    - be below
    - be down
    - be in
    - be inside
    - be off
    - be on
    - be out
    - be over
    - be round
    - be through
    - be up
    ••

    to be down in the dumps / mouth — быть в плохом настроении / нездоровым; быть не в форме

    to be in accord / harmony with smb. — иметь хорошие отношения с (кем-л.); иметь одинаковые вкусы, мнения с (кем-л.)

    to be out in force / large numbers / strength — присутствовать, дежурить на улицах в большом количестве

    - have been and gone and done
    - be above one's head
    - be above oneself
    - be abreast of
    - be all eyes
    - be at a dead end
    - be at a loss
    - be at attention
    - be at each other's throats
    - be at ease
    - be at it
    - be at loggerheads
    - be at pains
    - be behind bars
    - be behind the times
    - be beneath contempt
    - be beneath smb.'s dignity
    - be beneath smb.'s notice
    - be beside oneself
    - be beyond question
    - be beyond redemption
    - be down for the count
    - be down on one's luck
    - be hard up for
    - be hip to
    - be in at the finish
    - be in charge
    - be in collision with
    - be in for smth.
    - be in line with
    - be in on the ground floor
    - be in the chair
    - be in the money
    - be in the way
    - be on full time
    - be on the make
    - be on the point
    - be onto a good thing
    - be over and done with
    - be ahead
    - be amiss     II [biː] вспомогательный глагол; прош. вр. 1 л., 3 л. ед. was, 2 л. ед., мн. were, прич. прош. вр. been

    He was talking of you. — Он говорил о тебе.

    A man who is being listened to. — Человек, которого сейчас слушают.

    2) в сочетании с причастием настоящего времени или инфинитивом выражает будущее действие

    She is visiting there next week. — Она приедет сюда на следующей неделе.

    He is to see me today. — Он сегодня придёт меня повидать.

    The date was fixed. — Дата была зафиксирована.

    His book will be published. — Его книга будет опубликована.

    The political aspect of the subject has not been approached. — Политический аспект проблемы до сих пор не рассматривался.

    4) уст. с причастием прошедшего времени передаёт перфектное значение для непереходных глаголов

    Therefore I am returned. — И поэтому я вернулся.

    His parents were grown old. — Его родители состарились.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > be

  • 6 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 7 seno

    m.
    1 breast (pecho).
    senos breasts, bosom
    2 refuge, shelter (amparo, cobijo).
    acogieron en su seno a los refugiados they gave shelter to o took in the refugees
    3 heart.
    4 hollow.
    5 sine (Mat).
    7 bosom, innermost part.
    * * *
    1 (pecho) breast, bosom
    3 (matriz) womb
    4 (cavidad) cavity, hollow, hole
    6 ANATOMÍA sinus
    7 GEOGRAFÍA gulf, bay
    8 figurado bosom, heart
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=pecho) breast
    2) (=centro)

    el seno del movimiento — the heart o core of the movement

    3) liter (=útero)
    4) (Mat) sine
    5) (Anat)
    6) (Náut, Meteo) trough
    7) (Geog) (=ensenada) small bay; (=golfo) gulf
    8) frm (=hueco) hollow
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( mama) breast; ( pecho) bosom

    dar el seno — (Ven) to breastfeed

    b) ( matriz) womb
    c) (de organización, empresa) heart
    2) (Mat) sine
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( mama) breast; ( pecho) bosom

    dar el seno — (Ven) to breastfeed

    b) ( matriz) womb
    c) (de organización, empresa) heart
    2) (Mat) sine
    * * *
    seno1
    1 = breast, bosom.

    Ex: One time he showed me a photograph in an art book of a woman's bare breasts and said 'Nice tits, uh?'.

    Ex: The rolls, which it was customary to keep in the bosom, contained exhortations, messages and promises and were considered very valuable as physical objects.
    * dentro del seno de = within the pale of.
    * en el seno de = within, among, amongst.
    * en su seno = therein.
    * nacido en el seno de = born to.
    * senos caídos = saggy boobs.
    * senos firmes y de punta = pert breasts.

    seno2
    2 = sine.

    Ex: The idea of creating sound by adding together sine waves is not new.

    seno3
    3 = sinus.

    Ex: Each sinus is connected to the nose by a small opening called an ostium.

    * seno nasal = sinus, nasal passage.

    * * *
    A
    los senos the breasts
    le extirparon el seno izquierdo she had her left breast removed
    cáncer en or del seno ( AmL); breast cancer
    guardó la carta en su seno she kept the letter tucked away in her bosom
    le apretó contra su seno she clutched him to her breast o bosom
    dar el seno ( Ven); to breastfeed
    que Dios lo acoja en su seno may he be taken into the bosom of the Lord
    en el seno de Abraham in Abraham's bosom
    2 (matriz) womb
    la confusión existente en el propio seno de la empresa the confusion which exists at the very heart of the company
    después de muchos años volvió al seno de su familia after many years she returned to the bosom of her family
    Compuestos:
    frontal sinus
    womb
    B ( Mat) sine
    C ( Arquit) groin
    * * *

     

    seno sustantivo masculino
    a) ( mama) breast;

    ( pecho) bosom;

    dar el seno (Ven) to breastfeed
    b) (de organización, empresa) heart

    seno sustantivo masculino
    1 (mama femenina) breast
    2 (vientre, entrañas) aquella criatura, nacida de su seno, that child, to whom she gave birth
    3 Mat Geom sine: el seno de un ángulo de 30 grados es 0,5, the sine of a thirty degree angle is 0.5
    4 fig (interior) bosom, heart: nació en el seno de una familia humilde, he was born into a humble family
    la cuestión suscitó suspicacias en el seno de la organización, the question raised suspicions within the organization
    ' seno' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desunión
    English:
    bosom
    - breast
    - sinus
    * * *
    seno nm
    1. [pecho] breast;
    senos breasts, bosom
    2. [amparo, cobijo] refuge, shelter;
    acogieron en su seno a los refugiados they gave shelter to o took in the refugees;
    nació en el seno de una familia acaudalada she was born into a wealthy family;
    que Dios lo acoja en su seno may the Lord take them unto Himself
    3. [útero]
    4. [de una organización] heart;
    en el seno de within;
    hay tensiones en el seno del partido the party is riven by internal dissension
    5. [concavidad] hollow
    6. Mat sine
    7. [de la nariz] sinus
    * * *
    m
    bosom;
    senos breasts
    2 MAT sine
    3 ANAT sinus
    * * *
    seno nm
    1) : breast, bosom
    los senos: the breasts
    el seno de la familia: the bosom of the family
    2) : sinus
    3)
    seno materno : womb
    * * *
    seno n breast

    Spanish-English dictionary > seno

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 rapporter

    rapporter [ʀapɔʀte]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
       a. ( = apporter) [+ objet, souvenir, réponse] to bring back ; [chien] [+ gibier] to retrieve
    • Toby, rapporte ! (à un chien) fetch, Toby!
    • rapporter qch à qn to bring or take sth back to sb
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► rapporter se traduira par to bring back ou par to take back suivant que le locuteur se trouve ou non à l'endroit en question.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • quand doit-il rapporter la réponse ? when does he have to come back with the answer?
       b. [actions, terre] to yield ; [métier, vente] to bring in
    • placement qui rapporte du 5% investment that yields 5%
       c. ( = faire un compte rendu de) [+ fait] to report ; ( = mentionner) to mention ; ( = citer) [+ mot célèbre] to quote ; ( = répéter pour dénoncer) to report
       d. ( = ajouter) to add
       e. ( = rattacher à) rapporter à to relate to
    2. intransitive verb
       a. [chien] to retrieve
       b. [investissement] to give a good return
    • ça rapporte bien [domaine d'activité] it brings in a lot of money ; [travail] it pays very well
       c. ( = moucharder) to tell tales
    3. reflexive verb
       a.
    • se rapporter à [antécédent] to relate to
       b. s'en rapporter au jugement/témoignage de qn to rely on sb's judgment/account
    * * *
    ʀapɔʀte
    1.
    1) ( remettre en place) ( ici) to bring back; ( là-bas) to take back; ( rendre) ( ici) to bring back (à to), to return (à to); ( là-bas) to take back (à to), to return (à to)
    2) ( ramener avec soi) to bring back [objet, cadeau, nouvelle] (à to, de from)
    3) ( procurer un bénéfice) to bring in [somme, revenu] (à to)

    les obligations rapportent 10% — the bonds yield ou return 10%

    4) ( relater) to report (à to); ( citer) to quote [bon mot]
    5) (colloq) ( moucharder) to tell (tales) on somebody

    2.
    verbe intransitif
    1) ( procurer un bénéfice) to bring in money, to be lucrative
    2) (colloq) ( moucharder) to tell tales

    3.
    se rapporter verbe pronominal

    se rapporter à — to relate to, to bear a relation to

    s'en rapporter à quelqu'un/quelque chose — to rely on somebody/something

    * * *
    ʀapɔʀte
    1. vt
    1) (= ramener) to bring back

    Je leur ai rapporté un cadeau. — I brought them back a present.

    2) (= rendre) (en venant) to bring back, (en allant) to take back

    J'ai rapporté la robe rouge au magasin. — I took the red dress back to the shop.

    3) (= produire) [investissement] to yield, [activité] to bring in
    4) (= mettre en rapport)
    5) (= relater) to report
    6) COUTURE to sew on
    2. vi
    1) (= être profitable) [activité] to be very profitable, [investissement] to give a good return, to give a high yield
    2) (= moucharder) péjoratif to tell
    * * *
    rapporter verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( remettre en place) ( ici) to bring back; ( là-bas) to take back; ( rendre) ( ici) to bring back (à to), to return (à to); ( là-bas) to take back (à to), to return (à to); as-tu rapporté le livre à la bibliothèque? did you take back ou return the book to the library?; rapporte-moi mes disques dès que possible bring back my records as soon as possible; je vous rapporte votre sac à main I've brought back your handbag; chien dressé à rapporter le gibier dog trained to retrieve game;
    2 ( prendre avec soi) to bring back [objet, cadeau, nouvelle] (à to, de from); il nous a rapporté des cadeaux de son voyage he brought us back presents from his trip; est-ce que vous rapportez de bonnes nouvelles? have you brought back good news?;
    3 ( procurer un bénéfice) to bring in [somme, revenu] (à to); la vente de la maison leur a rapporté beaucoup d'argent they made a lot of money on the sale of the house, the sale of the house brought them a lot of money; les actions rapportent 10% the shares yield ou return 10%; mes vignobles/terres me rapportent beaucoup d'argent my vineyards/lands bring me in a good income ou a lot of money; leurs investissements leur rapportent beaucoup d'argent their investments give them a high return on their money; ça ne rapporte rien it doesn't pay; qu'est-ce que ça va te rapporter sinon des ennuis? what can you gain from it except trouble?;
    4 ( ajouter) to add; Cout to sew [sth] on [poche, pièce];
    5 ( relater) to report (à to); ( citer) to quote [bon mot]; je ne fais que rapporter ses propos I'm only reporting what he said; on m'a rapporté que I was told that; la légende rapporte que legend has it that;
    6 ( rattacher) to relate to; si on rapporte les événements au contexte de l'époque if you put the events in the context of the period; rapporter qch à sa cause to relate sth to its cause; il rapporte tout à sa petite personne he brings everything back to himself;
    7 ( convertir) rapporter les mesures à l'échelle qui convient to bring the measurements into scale;
    9 Math rapporter un angle to plot an angle;
    10 Jur to rescind, to revoke [décret, mesure, acte]; to cancel [nomination]; to reverse [décision].
    B vi
    1 ( procurer un bénéfice) to bring in money, to be lucrative; un métier/investissement qui rapporte a lucrative job/investment; ça rapporte beaucoup it's lucrative; ça rapporte peu it's not very lucrative;
    2 ○( moucharder) to tell tales.
    1 ( être en relation avec) se rapporter à to relate to, to bear a relation to; votre réponse ne se rapporte pas à la question posée your answer does not relate to ou is not relevant to the question asked; tout ce qui se rapporte à ce chanteur la passionne she's mad about everything that's got to do with this singer; le pronom se rapporte au nom Ling the pronoun is related to the noun;
    2 ( faire confiance à) s'en rapporter à to rely on; je m'en rapporte à vous/à votre jugement I rely on you/on your judgment.
    [rapɔrte] verbe transitif
    1. [remettre à sa place] to bring ou to put back
    2. [apporter avec soi] to bring
    [apporter de nouveau ou en plus]
    3. [rendre] to take back (separable), to return
    4. [ajouter] to add
    COUTURE to sew on (separable)
    5. [produire] to produce, to yield
    le compte d'épargne vous rapporte 3,5 % the savings account has a yield of 3.5% ou carries 3.5% interest
    6. [répéter - propos] to tell, to say
    7. [faire le compte rendu de] to report (on)
    8. ADMINISTRATION & DROIT [annuler] to cancel, to revoke
    9. [rattacher quelque chose à]
    ————————
    [rapɔrte] verbe intransitif
    1. [être rentable] to yield a profit
    rapporte, mon chien! fetch, boy!
    ————————
    se rapporter à verbe pronominal plus préposition
    1. [avoir un lien avec] to refer ou to relate to
    s'en rapporter à [s'en remettre à] to rely on

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > rapporter

  • 10 return

    [rɪ'tɜːn] 1. гл.
    1)
    а) возвращаться, идти обратно

    to return from a holiday / vacation — возвратиться из отпуска, с каникул

    When I return from the coast, I shall bring good news. — Когда вернусь с побережья, привезу хорошие новости.

    б) стр. поворачивать, заворачивать в обратном направлении ( особенно о стене)

    I propose that the upper row of stalls should be returned at the west end of the chancel. (J. T. Micklethwaite) — Я предлагаю развернуть назад верхний ряд сидений в западной части клироса.

    2)
    а) возвращать, отдавать

    to return smb.'s love / affection — отвечать кому-л. взаимностью

    We must return good for evil. — Надо платить добром за зло.

    Syn:

    Return the book to its exact place. — Поставь книгу обратно на место.

    Return swords! — воен. Шашки в ножны!

    4)
    а) возражать, отвечать
    Syn:
    б) произносить что-л. в ответ на какие-л. действия
    5) докладывать; официально заявлять
    6)
    а) возвращаться, вновь обращаться (к чему-л.)

    Let us return to the question we were first considering. — Давайте вернёмся к вопросу, с которого мы начали.

    Soon she returned to her old habit. — Вскоре она возвратилась к своей старой привычке.

    Without endless watering, these fields will quickly return to desert. — Без постоянного орошения эти поля снова превратятся в пустыню.

    Syn:
    •
    Syn:
    7) приносить доход, быть прибыльным
    Syn:

    The Member of Parliament was returned with an increased number of votes. — Он был снова избран в парламент ещё большим числом голосов.

    Syn:
    9) спорт.
    10) отражать (звук, свет)
    Syn:
    ••
    2. сущ.
    1)

    The Return of the King — "Возвращение короля" (название третьей части эпопеи Дж.Р.Р. Толкина "Властелин Колец")

    - by return of mail
    - by return mail
    - by return of post
    - by return post
    - point of no return
    б) повторное появление, повторение (чего-л.)

    I am better, but have had two or three returns of sickness. (M. R. Mitford) — Мне лучше, но у меня было два или три повторных приступа болезни.

    2)
    а) отдача, возврат; возмещение
    б) ( retrurns) возвращённые товары; непроданные товары
    3)
    а) возражение, ответ
    Syn:
    reply 1., answer 1., retort I 1.
    б) спорт. ответная подача; ответный матч

    return match / game — ответный матч, игра

    England could only score four in the return at Highbury. — Англичане смогли забить всего лишь четыре мяча в ответном матче в Хайбери.

    в) воен. ответный выстрел
    Syn:
    thrust 1., stroke 1., volley 1.
    4) официальный отчёт; рапорт
    5)
    б) доход, прибыль

    quick returns — быстрый доход, быстрая прибыль

    Syn:
    gain I 1., profit 1., income
    6) обычно мн. результат выборов

    Early returns show opposition party may have won. — Предварительный подсчёт голосов показывает, что оппозиционная партия, по-видимому, одержала победу на выборах.

    7) эл. обратный провод; обратная сеть
    8) горн. вентиляционный просек, ходок
    9) ж.-д.; = return ticket билет в оба конца, билет туда и обратно

    The man didn't stop to buy a ticket. He must have a return. (S. Brett) — Этот человек не остановился, чтобы приобрести билет. Наверняка у него билет в оба конца.

    10) крыло, отсек здания
    ••

    Many happy returns (of the day)! — Поздравляю с днем рождения!, Желаю Вам многих лет жизни!

    Англо-русский современный словарь > return

  • 11 תוב I

    תּוּבI = h. שוּב, 1) to go back, return, do again. Targ. Gen. 14:7. Targ. O. ib. 18:10 מֵיתַב אֵיתוּב ed. Berl. (ed. Vien. מִתַּב אִתּוּב); a. v. fr.Part. תָּאֵב, תָּאֵיב; fr. which a verb תְּאֵב, תְּאֵיב. Targ. Ez. 35:7. Targ. 1 Sam. 27:9. Targ. Y. Gen. 8:3; a. fr.Usually תָּיֵב, תָּיֵיב; f. תָּיְבָא, תָּיְי׳; pl. תָּיְבִין, תָּיְבֵי, תָּיְי׳; תָּיְבָן, תָּיְי׳. Targ. Am. 9:1. Targ. 1 Sam. 7:3. Targ. Gen. l. c.; a. fr. 2) to restore, v. infra. 3) (to go back on,) to bethink ones self, regret. Targ. O. a. Y. I Gen. 6:6. Ib. 7. Targ. O. Ex. 32:14; a. fr. Af. אָתֵיב, אֲתֵיב, אֲתֵב, אוֹתִיב, הֵתֵיב 1) to lead back, turn; to give back, restore; to recompense. Targ. Jer. 32:44. Targ. Ps. 19:8. Targ. Num. 25:11. Targ. Ex. 22:25. Targ. O. Num. 5:7 (Y. ed. Vien. יִתּוּב Pe.); a fr.Part. pass. מְתֵיב. Targ. O. ib. 8 (ed. Vien. מְתֵב; Y. מְיֵיתַב (!)).Trnsf. to throw up, vomit. Targ. Prov. 25:16. 2) to reconsider, bethink ones self. Targ. O. Ex. 32:12. 3) to answer, reply, refute. Targ. Num. 13:26. Targ. Job. 20:2. Targ. Is. 50:11; a. fr.Esp. to raise an objection, argue; to put a question. Pes.2a, a. fr. מֵיתֵיבֵי they (the disputing scholars) raised an objection. Y.Ter.III, 42b מְתִיבִין קומי … ושתיק they put the question before R. J., and he kept silence. Y.Peah IV, 18b top התיבר׳ זעיראוכ׳ R. Z. raised the question before Ib. כל אילין … מוֹתִיב, v. הֲתוֹבְתָּא; (Y.Gitt.VIII, 49c top מֵשִׁיב h.). Sabb.145a הוא מותיבוכ׳, v. פְּרַק. Y.R. Hash. I, 56d bot. הֲתִיבוּןוכ׳ they raised an objection B. Kam.56b bot. אֵיתֵיבֵיה … לרבה R. J. asked Rabbah. Lev. R. s. 11 אֵיתֵיבוּןוכ׳ they objected (by referring to the verse) Ib. מְתִיבוּן ליה they argued against him. Y.Sabb.II, 5a bot. מְתִיב בר קפראוכ׳ Bar Ḳ. argued before R. Ḥ. the elder; ומותיב לה והוא מְתַיֵּיב ליה and he raised the argument, and he also answered it. Ib. VII, 9b top וִיתִיבִינֵיהר׳וכ׳ and R. A. might have answered him ; ib. מן מה דלא מתיבוכ׳ because he did not answer him ; a. v. fr. Pa. תַּיֵּיב same, to answer, meet an objection, v. supra. Ittaf. אִיתָּתַב, Ittof. אִתּוֹתַב 1) to be brought back, be returned, restored. Targ. Gen. 42:28. Targ. Ex. 10:8. Targ. Ob. 15; a. fr. 2) to be answered; to be refuted. Targ. Job 11:2. Ib. 19:7. Targ. Is. 53:7; a. fr.Y.Taan.IV, 67c א״ל ולא כבו אִיתָּתְבַת said he to him, hast thou not been answered before?; א״ל ובגין דאִיתָּתְבִת תיבטל said he, and because I have been answered, shall it (that prayer) be abolished?; Y.Ber.IV, 7c top. Pes.30b מאחר דאת׳ רבאוכ׳ (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 8) now that R. bar I. has been refuted, why does Rab say ?; a. fr.

    Jewish literature > תוב I

  • 12 תּוּב

    תּוּבI = h. שוּב, 1) to go back, return, do again. Targ. Gen. 14:7. Targ. O. ib. 18:10 מֵיתַב אֵיתוּב ed. Berl. (ed. Vien. מִתַּב אִתּוּב); a. v. fr.Part. תָּאֵב, תָּאֵיב; fr. which a verb תְּאֵב, תְּאֵיב. Targ. Ez. 35:7. Targ. 1 Sam. 27:9. Targ. Y. Gen. 8:3; a. fr.Usually תָּיֵב, תָּיֵיב; f. תָּיְבָא, תָּיְי׳; pl. תָּיְבִין, תָּיְבֵי, תָּיְי׳; תָּיְבָן, תָּיְי׳. Targ. Am. 9:1. Targ. 1 Sam. 7:3. Targ. Gen. l. c.; a. fr. 2) to restore, v. infra. 3) (to go back on,) to bethink ones self, regret. Targ. O. a. Y. I Gen. 6:6. Ib. 7. Targ. O. Ex. 32:14; a. fr. Af. אָתֵיב, אֲתֵיב, אֲתֵב, אוֹתִיב, הֵתֵיב 1) to lead back, turn; to give back, restore; to recompense. Targ. Jer. 32:44. Targ. Ps. 19:8. Targ. Num. 25:11. Targ. Ex. 22:25. Targ. O. Num. 5:7 (Y. ed. Vien. יִתּוּב Pe.); a fr.Part. pass. מְתֵיב. Targ. O. ib. 8 (ed. Vien. מְתֵב; Y. מְיֵיתַב (!)).Trnsf. to throw up, vomit. Targ. Prov. 25:16. 2) to reconsider, bethink ones self. Targ. O. Ex. 32:12. 3) to answer, reply, refute. Targ. Num. 13:26. Targ. Job. 20:2. Targ. Is. 50:11; a. fr.Esp. to raise an objection, argue; to put a question. Pes.2a, a. fr. מֵיתֵיבֵי they (the disputing scholars) raised an objection. Y.Ter.III, 42b מְתִיבִין קומי … ושתיק they put the question before R. J., and he kept silence. Y.Peah IV, 18b top התיבר׳ זעיראוכ׳ R. Z. raised the question before Ib. כל אילין … מוֹתִיב, v. הֲתוֹבְתָּא; (Y.Gitt.VIII, 49c top מֵשִׁיב h.). Sabb.145a הוא מותיבוכ׳, v. פְּרַק. Y.R. Hash. I, 56d bot. הֲתִיבוּןוכ׳ they raised an objection B. Kam.56b bot. אֵיתֵיבֵיה … לרבה R. J. asked Rabbah. Lev. R. s. 11 אֵיתֵיבוּןוכ׳ they objected (by referring to the verse) Ib. מְתִיבוּן ליה they argued against him. Y.Sabb.II, 5a bot. מְתִיב בר קפראוכ׳ Bar Ḳ. argued before R. Ḥ. the elder; ומותיב לה והוא מְתַיֵּיב ליה and he raised the argument, and he also answered it. Ib. VII, 9b top וִיתִיבִינֵיהר׳וכ׳ and R. A. might have answered him ; ib. מן מה דלא מתיבוכ׳ because he did not answer him ; a. v. fr. Pa. תַּיֵּיב same, to answer, meet an objection, v. supra. Ittaf. אִיתָּתַב, Ittof. אִתּוֹתַב 1) to be brought back, be returned, restored. Targ. Gen. 42:28. Targ. Ex. 10:8. Targ. Ob. 15; a. fr. 2) to be answered; to be refuted. Targ. Job 11:2. Ib. 19:7. Targ. Is. 53:7; a. fr.Y.Taan.IV, 67c א״ל ולא כבו אִיתָּתְבַת said he to him, hast thou not been answered before?; א״ל ובגין דאִיתָּתְבִת תיבטל said he, and because I have been answered, shall it (that prayer) be abolished?; Y.Ber.IV, 7c top. Pes.30b מאחר דאת׳ רבאוכ׳ (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 8) now that R. bar I. has been refuted, why does Rab say ?; a. fr.

    Jewish literature > תּוּב

  • 13 be

    bi: гл.
    1) иметь место как факт, существовать, случаться а) существовать как факт в объективной реальности быть;
    быть живым, жить Tyrants and sycophants have been and are. ≈ Тираны и стукачи были и есть. So much that was not is beginning to be. ≈ Так много из того, чего раньше не было, входит в нашу жизнь. б) в выражении there + личная форма от to be иметься, наличествовать There are photographs and photographs. ≈ Бывают фотографии и фотографии. в) возникать, происходить, случаться, быть совершаемым Be it as it may. ≈ Как бы там ни было. When is the wedding to be? ≈ На когда намечена свадьба, когда будет свадьба? The flower-show was last week. ≈ На прошлой неделе была выставка цветов. г) иметь место( о совокупности условий), являться Being they are Church-men, we may rather suspect... ≈ Имея в виду, что они священники, можно подозревать... д) сохраняться в предыдущем состоянии, не меняться, продолжать быть, как раньше Let me be! ≈ Оставьте меня в покое( оставьте меня, как я есть) ! You have been rather long about it. ≈ Вы слишком много времени на это потратили (вы находились слишком долго в процессе производства этого дела)
    2) с наречием или предложным оборотом, обозначающим какое-л. обстоятельство а) занимать какое-л. место, положение;
    принимать какую-л. позу или позицию;
    находиться в каком-л. состоянии You are just where you was. ≈ Вы все там же. Again the love-fit is on him. ≈ Он снова влюбился (он снова в состоянии любви) Your book is here, under the table. ≈ Да вот твоя книжка, под столом. б) отправляться куда-л., находиться где-л. с целью что-л. сделать;
    с последующим инфинитивом I was this morning to buy silk for a nightcap. ≈ Мне этим утром было нужно сходить купить шелка на ночную шапочку. I had been to see Irving that night. ≈ Я в ту ночь был в гостях у Ирвинга. have been and gone and done в) находиться в таких-то обстоятельствах, в таком-то настроении или положении Proposals that have been under deliberation. ≈ Предложения, которые рассматривались. Content to be and to be well. ≈ Он доволен, что жив, и что у него все неплохо. г) принадлежать кому-л., относиться к чему-л Well is him that hath found prudence. ≈ Благо тому, кто стал благоразумен.
    3) роль связки в составном сказуемом а) занимать место на определенной шкале, иметь один из набора некоторых признаков I am weary, weary, I would that I were dead. ≈ Я такая измученная, такая измученная, я бы лучше умерла. He was of Memphis. ≈ Он был из Мемфиса. Only by being man can we know man. ≈ Только будучи людьми мы можем познать человека. б) быть известным под таким-то именем, быть кем-л., обозначаемым как-л. Let thinking be reasoning. ≈ Будем считать, что мышление это разъяснение. State is me. ≈ Государство это я. в) означать, значить;
    быть эквивалентным чему-л. To fall was to die. ≈ Упасть означало умереть. I'll tell you what it is, you must leave. ≈ Я тебе скажу, в чем дело - тебе уходить пора. г) иметь значение, быть значимым;
    заботить, беспокоить Is it nothing to you, all ye that pass by? ≈ Что же, те, кто идет мимо, ничто для тебя?
    4) с причастиями и инфинитивами;
    служит вспомогательным глаголом и образует аналитические временные формы а) с причастием прошедшего времени;
    для переходных глаголов образует пассив, для непереходных - времена перфектной серии The political aspect of the subject has not been approached. ≈ Политический аспект проблемы до сих пор не рассматривался. Therefore I am returned. ≈ И поэтому я вернулся. His parents were grown old. ≈ Его родители состарились. б) с причастием настоящего времени;
    образует времена серии continious, в залоге как активном, так и пассивном He was talking of you. ≈ Он говорил о тебе. We stayed there while our house was building. ≈ Мы жили там, пока строился наш дом (редко в современном языке из-за двусмысленности). A man who is being strangled. ≈ Человек, которого душат (в данный момент, или в любой другой момент, подаваемый рассказчиком как протекающий "сейчас") в) с инфинитивом, как активным, так и пассивным, в значении "положено, надо" They are not to compare with these. ≈ Эти не подлежат сравнению с теми. Not a Good Samaritan being to be found. ≈ И нельзя было отыскать ни одного "доброго самаритянина". г) с инфнитивом, в сослагательном наклонении If I were to propose, would you accept? ≈ Если бы я сделал тебе предложение, ты бы согласилась?
    5) в выражениях типа Monday was one week (где вместо Monday может стоять любое указание на фиксированный момент времени, а вместо one week - любое указание на временной промежуток) такое-то время назад( личная форма глагола может быть также опущена) Did there come no young woman here Friday was a fortnight? ≈ Вы уверены, что две недели назад в пятницу сюда не приезжала некая девушка? I was in London Monday three weeks. ≈ Я приехал в Лондон в понедельник три недели назад. ∙ be better be best - be at - be for
    быть, существовать - I think, therefore I am я мыслю, следовательно, я существую - the greatest genius that ever was величайший гений, который когда-либо существовал - to be no more (возвышенно) скончаться, умереть;
    прекратить существование - Troy is no more Трои больше не существует - to be, or not to be - that is the question (Shakespeare) быть или не быть, вот в чем вопрос быть, находиться;
    присутствовать;
    пребывать - he will be here all the year он будет (находиться) здесь весь год - is he often in town? часто ли он бывает в городе? - I was before you in the queue я стоял перед вами в очереди - the horse was below in the hold лошадь поместили в трюме - he was at the ceremony он присутствовал на церемонии - the key is in the lock ключ( находится) в замке - I'll be down in a minute я сейчас спущусь - output is considerably below last year's level выпуск продукции намного ниже прошлогоднего /значительно ниже прошлогоднего, значительно упал по сравнению с прошлогодним/ быть, оставаться - don't be long! не задерживайся!, приходи скорее! - what a time you have been! как ты долго! - he was a long time reaching the shore ему понадобилось много времени, чтобы достичь берега происходить, случаться, совершаться - it was yesterday это было /произошло, случилось, состоялось/ вчера - when is the wedding to be? когда должна состояться /будет/ свадьба? - the New Year is on Sunday this time в этот раз Новый год приходится /падает/ на воскресенье - how is that you were there? как получилось, что вы оказались там? равняться, составлять - twice two is four дважды два - четыре - let x be ten предположим, (что) x равняется десяти (разговорное) стоить - how much is it? сколько это стоит? - what are these shoes? сколько стоят эти ботинки? - this book is five shillings эта книга стоит пять шиллингов значить, стоить - it is nothing to me мне это ничего не стоит, для меня это ничего не составляет /не значит/ - what is all that to me? что мне все это? какое мне до этого дело? (возвышенно) сопутствовать( в восклицательных предложениях как пожелание) - success (be) to your efforts! желаю успеха в ваших начинаниях!, да сопутствует вам удача! - victory be yours! желаю (вам) победы! there is имеется, есть - there are many English books in our library в нашей библиотеке (имеется) много английских книг - there is plenty of time времени вполне достаточно, еще есть масса времени - there are no roads дорог нет - there will be dancing будут танцы - there was once an old man... жил-был однажды старик... to have been посещать, бывать - has he been to London? он бывал в Лондоне? - I've been there! я там был!;
    (разговорное) это мне известно! to have been (разговорное) заходить, быть - has anyone been? кто-нибудь заходил?, был кто-нибудь? - has the post been? была ли почта? to be at smth. (разговорное) намереваться сделать или сказать что-л. - I don't understand what exactly he is at я не понимаю, что именно он хочет сказать - what would you be at? каковы ваши намерения? to be at smth. (разговорное) нападать, набрасываться на что-л. - the mice are at the cheese again мыши опять добрались до сыра to be at smth.(разг) брать без спроса - he's been at my shaving things again он опять брал (без спроса) мои бритвенные принадлежности to be at smb. (разговорное) приставать к кому-л. - she's always at me она всегда меня пилит to be above smth. /doing smth./ быть выше чего-л., не опускаться до чего-л. - to be above suspicion быть выше /вне/ подозрений - to be above criticism быть выше всякой критики, быть безупречным - he is above reproach его не за что упрекнуть - he is above such matters он такими делами не занимается, он до такого( дела) не унизится - he is above taking bribes брать взятки - ниже его достоинства to be beneath smth., smb. быть ниже чего-л., кого-л. - to be beneath contempt не заслуживать (даже) презрения - it is beneath you /your dignity/ это ниже вашего достоинства to be beyond smth., smb. быть за пределами чего-л., возможностей кого-л. - his behaviour is beyond my endurance я не могу больше терпеть его поведение - he is not beyond redemption он еще может исправиться - this is beyond a joke это уже не шутка - it was beyond expectation такого нельзя было ожидать, на такое нельзя было надеяться - I am beyond caring мне уже все равно - what you say is beyond me мне совершенно непонятно то, что ты говоришь to be abreast of smth. быть в курсе чего-л. - he is abreast of developments in his field он в курсе последних достижений в своей области to be after smth. преследовать, пытаться поймать кого-л. - the police were after him полиция преследовала его to be after smth. покушаться на что-л., стремиться завладеть чем-л. - he's after my job он метит на мое место - he's after her money он охотится за ее деньгами to be about to do smth. собираться, намереваться сделать что-л. - he was about to send for you он собирался послать за вами - she was about to speak, but changed her mind она хотела было заговорить, но передумала to be against smth. противоречить чему-л., идти вразрез с чем-л. - lying is against my principles не в моих правилах врать to be for smth. стоять или быть за - who is for going home? кто за то, чтобы идти домой? to be for some place отправляться, ехать куда-л. - are you for Bristol? вы едете в Бристоль? to be on smb. (разговорное) быть оплаченным кем-л. - put your money away, it's on me убери деньги, я угощаю - the drinks are on the house хозяин( бара, ресторана и т. п.) угощает - the tickets are on me я плачу за билеты to be on smb. внезапно наступить, подоспеть( о праздниках, выборах и т. п.) - the wet season was on us неожиданно на нас обрушился сезон дождей - Christmas was on us наступило рождество to be on smth. входить в состав, быть членом (комиссии и т. п.) - he is on the board он входит в состав правления to be on smb., smth. быть поставленным на кого-л., что-л. - my money is on this horse я поставил на эту лошадь to be up to smth. замышлять, затевать что-л. - the boys are up to smth. мальчики что-то затевают - he is up to no good он затевает что-то скверное, от него хорошего не жди to be up to smth. быть осведомленным о чем-л. - the police must be up to all the dodges полиции должно быть известно обо всех уловках not to be up to (doing) smth. не быть в состоянии сделать что-л., не справиться с чем-л. - I am not up to going to the theatre tonight я не в состоянии пойти сегодня вечером в театр - he is not up to his job он не справляется со своей работой - he is not up to his father as a scholar как ученый он значительно уступает (своему) отцу to be up to smb. быть возложенным на кого-л. (об ответственности) ;
    зависеть от кого-л. - it is up to him to decide от него зависит решение, он должен решить - it is up to you to choose вы выбираете /решаете/ - whether you learn or not is entirely up to you учиться или нет - твое дело to be up against smth., smb. столкнуться с чем-л., кем-л.;
    встретить отпор - he's up against some real opposition он будет иметь дело с сильной оппозицией - he's up against it( разговорное) он столкнулся с большими трудностями to be up for smth. возникать, рассматриваться( о вопросе и т. п.) - to be up for review пересматриваться - to be up for debate обсуждаться, быть поставленным на обсуждение to be up for smth. рассматривать в суде, судить - he was up in court for this его за это судили to be up for smth. предназначаться к продаже - to be up for auction продаваться на аукционе /с молотка/ to be up for smth. быть выдвинутым кандидатом, быть претендентом - he's up for admission to the society at the next meeting его будут принимать в кружок на следующем собрании to be with smb. поддерживать кого-л. - we're with you all the way мы пойдем с тобой до конца - she is at one with her husband она заодно со (своим) мужем to be with smb. понимать, следить за тем, что говорят - are you still with me - or shall I go over it again? ты следишь за ходом моей мысли или мне повторить еще раз? to be with smb., smth. работать у кого-л., где-л. (по найму) - I'm with a shipping firm я работаю в транспортной фирме как глагол-связка: быть - he is a teacher он учитель - are they English? они англичане? - ten yards is a lot десять ярдов - это очень много - his is a fine house его дом чудесный, у него прекрасный дом - our task is to finish the work in time наша задача - вовремя кончить работу - she has been a mother to me она мне была вместо матери - she is twenty ей двадцать лет - today is the tenth сегодня десятое (число) - tomorrow is Friday завтра пятница - the wall is six foot high стена имеет шесть футов в высоту - what is it? что это?;
    в чем дело? - to see things as they are видеть вещи такими, какие они есть - if I were you... если бы я был на вашем месте... - seeing is believing увидеть - (это) значит убедиться /поверить/ находиться в (каком-л.) состоянии;
    чувствовать, ощущать( что-л.) - I am cold мне холодно - he is asleep он спит - he is glad он рад - he is absent он отсутствует - he is in trouble он попал в беду, у него неприятности - he is at work он работает - isn't he lucky? везет же ему! с последующим инфинитивом выражает долженствование, обусловленное договоренностью, планом - he is to come at six он должен прийти в шесть (часов) - he was to come at six он должен был прийти в шесть - he was to have come at six он должен был прийти в шесть (но не пришел) - when am I to come? когда мне приходить?, когда мне нужно прийти? - the house is to let дом сдается в аренду - he was never to see her again ему больше никогда не суждено было ее увидеть - it was not to be этому не суждено было сбыться /осуществиться/ - they are not to be trusted им нельзя доверять - such men are to be pitied rather than despised таких людей надо не презирать, а жалеть с последующим инфинитивом выражает возможность - he was nowhere to be found его нигде нельзя было найти /отыскать/ - not a cloud was to be seen не видно было ни облачка - how am I to get through all this work today? как я смогу справиться со всей этой работой сегодня? с последующим инфинитивом выражает намерение, желание( в условных предложениях) - if we are to come in time, we must start at once если мы хотим прийти вовремя6 нам надо сразу отправляться (устаревшее) в сочетании с p.p. глаголов to come, to fall, to sit, to run, to get и др. - winter was come зима наступила - the sun was risen солнце встало в сочетании с pres.p. служит для образования длительной формы - he was talking to his son at the time в тот момент он беседовал с сыном - he is working он (сейчас) работает - this question is being discussed этот вопрос сейчас обсуждается в сочетании с p.p. переходных и ряда непереходных глаголов служит для образования пассивной формы - this was made by my son это было сделано моим сыном - they will be punished они будут наказаны, из накажут - such questions are settled by the committee такие вопросы решаются комитетом - he was asked to come его попросили прийти - this book was much spoken of об этой книге много говорили > to be above one /one's head/ (разговорное) быть выше чьего-л. понимания > to be at it шалить, проказничать > the children are at it again дети опять принялись за свое > to be hard at it /at work/ (разговорное) быть очень занятым;
    напряженно работать > they were hard at it /at work/ the whole night они работали изо всех сил всю ночь напролет > to be at one with smb. быть с кем-л. заодно > to be beside oneself with grief потерять голову от горя > to be beside oneself with rage выйти из себя, разгневаться > to be beside the point не иметь отношения (к данному вопросу, делу и т. п.) > for the time being пока > the manager for the time being временно исполняющий обязанности заведующего > somebody will be in for кому-то попадет /влетит, нагорит/ > far be it from me to do this я вовсе не собираюсь /я далек от того, чтобы/ делать это > be (that) as it may как бы то ни было;
    пусть будет что будет > let it be! оставь это в покое!, пусть все остается как есть! > so be it да будет так, пусть так и будет > how are you? как вы поживаете?;
    как вы себя чувствуете? > you never know where you are with him никогда не знаешь, что он может сделать /как он поступит, как себя с ним вести, чего от него ждать/ - be yourself!, be your age! не глупи!, не валяй дурака! - you've been and gone and done it! (сленг) ну и наделали вы дел!, ну и натворили же вы! - I'll be! (американизм) (сленг) вот те на!, господи боже мой!, ну и ну! (восклицание, выражающее удивление)
    ~ происходить, случаться;
    admission exams are once a year in autumn приемные испытания проводятся один раз в год осенью
    ~ находиться;
    бывать;
    where are my books? где мои книги?;
    are you often in town? часто ли вы бываете в городе?;
    I have never been to the Caucasus я никогда не был на Кавказе
    ~ about быть занятым( чем-л.) ~ about быть на ногах, встать ~ about собираться (c inf.) ;
    he is about to go он собирается уходить
    ~ at намереваться;
    what would you be at? каковы ваши намерения?
    ~ at law соблюдать закон law: ~ суд, судебный процесс;
    to be at law( with smb.) быть в тяжбе (с кем-л.) ;
    to go to law подать в суд;
    начать судебный процесс
    ~ for отправляться в ~ for стоять (за кого-л., что-л.)
    to ~ going собираться (с inf. часто придает значение будущего времени) ;
    the clock is going to strike часы сейчас будут бить
    ~ in быть дома to ~ in (smb.) быть свойственным, характерным (для кого-л.) ;
    it is not in him to do such a thing это не в его натуре, на него это непохоже ~ in поспеть( о фруктах) ~ in прийти, прибыть( о поезде, пароходе и т. п.) ;
    наступить (о времени года) ~ in прийти к власти( о политической партии) ;
    the labour candidate is in кандидат лейбористской партии прошел на выборах ~ in (on smth.) участвовать( в чем-л.)
    to ~ of (a group, class, etc.) быть одним из (группы, класса и т. п.) ;
    they knew he was not of them они распознали в нем чужого
    ~ away = be off ~ off уходить;
    the train is off поезд ушел off: ~ указывает на удаление, отделение: I must be off я должен уходить;
    off you go!, be off!, get off!, off with you! убирайтесь!;
    уходите!
    ~ on идти (о спектакле) ;
    what is on at the Bolshoi Theatre today? что идет в Большом театре сегодня? ~ on происходить on: to be ~ (to smb.) напасть на след( кого-л.) to be ~ (to smb.) придираться к комулибо to be ~ (to smb.) раскусить( кого-л.) to be ~ (to smb.) связаться( с кем-л.) (по телефону и т. п.)
    to ~ oneself быть самим собой to ~ oneself прийтив себя
    ~ out не быть дома, в комнате out: to be ~ быть без сознания, потерять сознание;
    out and about поправившийся после болезни she is ~ for compliments она напрашивается на комплименты;
    to be out( with smb.) быть (с кем-л.) в ссоре, не в ладах
    ~ up встать, подняться ~ up закончиться ~ up (to smth.) замышлять (что-л.) ;
    how are you? здравствуйте!, как вы поживаете? ~ up повыситься в цене ~ up произойти
    to ~ going собираться (с inf. часто придает значение будущего времени) ;
    the clock is going to strike часы сейчас будут бить
    ~ в составном именном сказуемом является глаголом-связкой: he is a teacher он учитель;
    I am cold мне холодно
    ~ about собираться (c inf.) ;
    he is about to go он собирается уходить
    ~ как модальный глагол с последующим инфинитивом означает долженствование, возможность, намерение: I am to inform you я должен вас известить;
    he is to be there now он должен быть там сейчас
    ~ up (to smth.) замышлять (что-л.) ;
    how are you? здравствуйте!, как вы поживаете? how: ~ are you? как поживаете?;
    how about..? как насчет..?;
    how about going for a walk? не пойти ли нам погулять?
    ~ стоить;
    how mush is it? сколько это стоит?
    ~ в составном именном сказуемом является глаголом-связкой: he is a teacher он учитель;
    I am cold мне холодно cold: ~ холодный;
    to be (или to feel) cold зябнуть, мерзнуть;
    I am cold мне холодно
    ~ как вспомогательный глагол служит для образования длительной формы: I am reading я читаю
    ~ как модальный глагол с последующим инфинитивом означает долженствование, возможность, намерение: I am to inform you я должен вас известить;
    he is to be there now он должен быть там сейчас
    ~ находиться;
    бывать;
    where are my books? где мои книги?;
    are you often in town? часто ли вы бываете в городе?;
    I have never been to the Caucasus я никогда не был на Кавказе
    I've been there разг. все это уже известно;
    you've been (and gone) and done it разг. = ну и наделали вы дел
    to ~ in (smb.) быть свойственным, характерным (для кого-л.) ;
    it is not in him to do such a thing это не в его натуре, на него это непохоже
    ~ in прийти к власти( о политической партии) ;
    the labour candidate is in кандидат лейбористской партии прошел на выборах
    ~ как вспомогательный глагол служит для образования пассива: such questions are settled by the committee подобные вопросы разрешаются комитетом
    to ~ of (a group, class, etc.) быть одним из (группы, класса и т. п.) ;
    they knew he was not of them они распознали в нем чужого
    ~ off уходить;
    the train is off поезд ушел train: the ~ is off поезд уже отошел;
    to make the train поспеть на поезд
    ~ on идти (о спектакле) ;
    what is on at the Bolshoi Theatre today? что идет в Большом театре сегодня?
    ~ at намереваться;
    what would you be at? каковы ваши намерения?
    ~ находиться;
    бывать;
    where are my books? где мои книги?;
    are you often in town? часто ли вы бываете в городе?;
    I have never been to the Caucasus я никогда не был на Кавказе
    I've been there разг. все это уже известно;
    you've been (and gone) and done it разг. = ну и наделали вы дел

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > be

  • 14 rientrare

    come back
    a casa come home
    questo non rientrava nei miei piani that was not part of the plan
    * * *
    rientrare v. intr.
    1 ( entrare di nuovo) to re-enter (sthg.); to enter (sthg.) again; ( tornare) to return (to sthg.); to go* back; to come* back: è ora di rientrare ( a casa), it is time to return (o to go) home; rientrò a sera tarda, he returned late in the evening; ho promesso di rientrare per le dieci, I've promised to be back by ten; rientrarono in albergo dopo la passeggiata, they went back to the hotel after their walk; è ancora in ferie e rientrerà domani, he's still on holiday and will be back tomorrow; è rientrato in servizio dopo la malattia, he returned to work after his illness; (mil.) rientrare alla base, to return to base; (mar.) rientrare in porto, to return to port // rientrare in gioco, to return to the game // rientrare in lizza, to return to the fray // rientrare in possesso di qlco., to recover sthg. // rientrare in sé, to return to one's senses // rientrare nelle grazie di qlcu., to regain s.o.'s favour // (teatr.) rientra Macbeth, re-enter Macbeth
    2 ( far parte) to form part (of sthg.), to be part (of sthg.), to be included (in sthg.), to come* into (sthg.); to fall* within (sthg.), to come* within (sthg.): rientrare nella graduatoria dei vincitori, to be included in the list of winners; la questione non rientra nella nostra competenza, the matter doesn't fall within our province; questo non rientra nei miei doveri, this isn't (o doesn't form) part of my duties; questo non rientra nel nostro programma, this doesn't form part of (o come into o is not included in) our programme; questo rientra in un'altra questione, that doesn't come into the question (o that is quite a different matter)
    3 ( essere annullato) to be withdrawn, to be called off: lo sciopero è rientrato, the strike has been called off; la proposta è rientrata, the proposal has been withdrawn
    4 ( presentare una rientranza) to have a recess: qui il muro rientra, there is a recess in the wall here
    5 ( restringersi) to shrink
    6 ( recuperare denaro speso) to recover one's money: sono rientrato nelle spese, I have recovered my expenses.
    * * *
    [rien'trare] 1.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. essere)
    1) (andare di nuovo dentro) to go* back in; (venire di nuovo dentro) to come* back in
    2) (tornare) to come* back, to get* back, to return

    rientrare in possesso di qcs. — to regain possession of sth.

    rientrare alla base — mil. to return to base

    3) (non avere realizzazione) [ progetto] to be* dropped
    4) (attenuarsi) [ scandalo] to die away
    5) (formare una rientranza) to curve inwards, to turn inwards
    7) fig. (far parte)

    rientrare in — to be part of, to fall within

    rientrare nei piani di qcn. — to enter into sb.'s plans

    rientrare nei propri compiti — to fall within sb.'s brief

    rientrare nelle possibilità di qcn. — [ spesa] to be within sb.'s reach

    8) (ritrarsi) [ ruote] to retract; [ letto] to fold away
    2.
    verbo transitivo tip. to indent [ riga]
    ••
    * * *
    rientrare
    /rien'trare/ [1]
     (aus. essere)
     1 (andare di nuovo dentro) to go* back in; (venire di nuovo dentro) to come* back in
     2 (tornare) to come* back, to get* back, to return; rientrare dal lavoro to come in from work; mio marito rientrerà il 7 my husband will be home on the 7th; rientrare in servizio to go back to work o to one's duties; rientrare in possesso di qcs. to regain possession of sth.; rientrare alla base mil. to return to base
     3 (non avere realizzazione) [ progetto] to be* dropped
     4 (attenuarsi) [ scandalo] to die away
     5 (formare una rientranza) to curve inwards, to turn inwards
     6 (recuperare) rientrare delle spese to recoup one's costs
     7 fig. (far parte) rientrare in to be part of, to fall within; rientrare nei piani di qcn. to enter into sb.'s plans; rientrare nei propri compiti to fall within sb.'s brief; rientrare in una categoria to fall into a category; rientrare nelle possibilità di qcn. [ spesa] to be within sb.'s reach
     8 (ritrarsi) [ ruote] to retract; [ letto] to fold away
     tip. to indent [ riga]
    rientrare in sé to come to oneself.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > rientrare

  • 15 North Atlantic Treaty Organization

    (NATO)
       Portugal joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, as a founding member. Besides complementing the Atlantic orientation of Portugal's foreign and defense policies, this membership also supported the country's close relationship with two leading members of NATO, Great Britain and the United States. Portugal's slight contribution to NATO in the first decades after joining was conditioned mainly by the fact that Portugal's primary concern was in defending its colonial empire, Portuguese India (1954-61) and in conducting several colonial wars in its African empire in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau (1961-74). One contentious question during this phase of Portugal's membership was the extent to which Portugal used NATO-issued equipment to fight those wars in Africa and Asia, since several of these colonial territories were neither on the Atlantic nor in NATO's jurisdiction (Mozambique and Portuguese India).
       The perceived strategic value of Portugal's key Atlantic archipelagos, the Azores and Madeiras, constituted Portugal's primary contribution to NATO and neutralized any U.S. ambivalence about the question of Portugal's NATO membership. The usefulness of Azores' air and naval bases, especially Lajes base at Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira Island, Azores, along with bases in continental Portugal and in the Madeira Islands, trumped international criticism of Portugal's colonial action and influenced American policy toward Portugal. This remained the situation until after the Yom Kippur war, an Arab-Israeli conflict, in October 1973, when Portugal, despite the risks to her energy supplies, gave the United States permission to use Azores bases for resupplying Israel.
       The Revolution of 25 April 1974 had an impact on Portugal's relationship to NATO. Leftist forces in Portugal were now in command, and Portuguese NATO delegates did not attend highly sensitive NATO defense briefings. But by 1980, after moderate military forces had ousted the radical leftists, Portugal's NATO roles returned to the routing. One of NATO's major subordinate commands became IBERLANT (Iberian Atlantic Command), under SACLANT (Supreme Commander Atlantic), located at Norfolk, Virginia. IBERLANT is located at Oeiras, Portugal and, in 1982, the IBERLAND commander for the first time was a Portuguese Vice Admiral. That same year, Spain joined NATO and, until 1986, when Spain decided not to join NATO's integrated military structure, Portugal was anxious that Portuguese commanders not be subordinate to Spanish commanders in NATO. As a key leader of IBERLANT, along with the representative units of Great Britain and the United States, Portugal's forces remain responsible for surveillance and patrolling of the area from central Portugal to the straits of Gibraltar.
       Portugal has made symbolic if modest contributions to NATO's mission in the Balkan conflicts beginning in the late 1990s and in Afghanistan since 2001. Among Portugal's contributions has been the service of medical units in Afghanistan.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > North Atlantic Treaty Organization

  • 16 return

    rɪˈtə:n
    1. сущ.
    1) а) возвращение his return to civilian life ≈ его возвращение на гражданку on their return from a trip abroad ≈ по их возвращению из-за границы The Return of the King ≈ Возвращение короля (название третьей части эпопеи Дж.Р.Р.Толкиена "Властелин Колец") the point of no return ≈ критическая точка (откуда самолет не может вернуться на базу при наличном запасе топлива) ;
    критический момент б) отдача, возврат;
    возмещение в) мн. возвращенный, непроданный товар
    2) а) возражение, ответ б) спорт ответная подача
    3) а) официальный отчет;
    рапорт tax return ≈ налоговая декларация( подаваемая налогоплательщиком для исчисления причитающегося с него налога) б) оборот;
    доход, прибыль в) обыкн. мн. результат выборов;
    избрание early returns ≈ предварительные результаты выборов Early returns show Bulgaria's opposition party may have won. ≈ Предварительный подсчет голосов показывает, что оппозиционная партия Болгарии, по-видимому, одержала победу на выборах. election returns ≈ результаты выборов final returns ≈ окончательные результаты выборов late returns ≈ последние результаты выборов
    4) а) электр. обратный провод;
    обратная сеть б) горн. вентиляционный просек, ходок ∙ many happy returns (of the day) ≈ поздравляю с днем рождения, желаю вам многих лет жизни
    2. гл.
    1) а) возвращать;
    отдавать, отплачивать to return smb.'s love/affection ≈ отвечать кому-л. взаимностью to return from a holiday/vacation ≈ возвратиться из отпуска/с каникул to return books to the library ≈ возвратить книги в библиотеку Return the book to its exact place. ≈ Поставь книгу обратнона место. We must return good for evil. ≈ Надо платить добром за зло. б) возвращаться, идти обратно When I return from the coast, I shall bring good news. ≈ Когда вернусь с побережья, привезу хорошие новости.
    2) а) возражать, отвечать to return an answer ≈ дать ответ б) давать ответ, докладывать;
    официально заявлять to return guilty юр. ≈ признать виновным
    3) а) возвращаться, вновь обращаться( к чему-л.) Let us return to the question we were first considering. ≈ Давайте вернемся к вопросу, с которого мы начали. б) возвращаться в прежнее состояние Without endless watering, these fields will quickly return to desert. ≈ Без постоянного орошения эти поля снова превратятся в пустыню.
    4) а) приносить доход, быть прибыльным б) избирать (в законодательный орган) The Member of Parliament was returned with an increased number of votes. ≈ Он был снова избран в парламент еще большим числом голосов. ∙ to return like for like ≈ отплатить той же монетой return swords! воен. ≈ шашки в ножны! возвращение - a * home возвращение домой /на родину/ - * address обратный адрес - * fare стоимость обратного проезда - * visit( дипломатическое) ответный визит - * match /game/ (спортивное) ответный матч /-ая игра/ - * motion( физическое) обратное /возвратное/ движение;
    (техническое) обратный ход - on * по возвращении - by * (of post /of mail/) обратной почтой - the * of spring возвращение весны - a * to public order восстановление общественного порядка отдача, возврат;
    возмещение - to make a poor * for smb.'s kindness отплатить неблагодарностью за чью-л. доброту - he asked for the * of his book он попросил, чтобы ему вернули его книгу - in * взамен, в обмен;
    в ответ;
    в оплату - he was given a receipt in * for his money он заплатил деньги и получил квитанцию /расписку/ (экономика) оборот - quick * быстрый оборот (средств) доход;
    прибыль;
    выручка - gross * валовой доход - a * on capital прибыль на капитал - to bring (in) an optimal * приносить оптимальный доход - the * of the year amounts to... годовая прибыль равна... официальный отчет;
    рапорт - tax * налоговая декларация( подаваемая налогоплательщиком для исчисления причитающихся с него налогов) ведомость, список pl сведения обратный билет, билет в оба конца - and * (американизм) и обратно (о поезде, билете) - the train runs to Chicago and * поезд ходит в Чикаго и обратно результат выборов;
    отчет о подсчете голосов избрание - his * to Parliament его избрание в парламент pl возвращенный, непроданный товар pl возвращенные чеки, векселя pl (техническое) отходы производства, идущие в переработку - * air (техническое) отработанный воздух( редкое) ответ (юридическое) возврат шерифом судебного приказа (в суд) ;
    надпись шерифа на судебном приказе (возвращаемом в суд) (военное) встречный удар( спортивное) ответное нападение (фехтование) (спортивное) прием( мяча) (медицина) возврат (болезни) ;
    рецидив( горное) вентиляционный просек или ходок (электротехника) обратный провод;
    обратная сеть( сельскохозяйственное) приплод, расплод( специальное) обрат pl (специальное) ситовый сход pl некрепкий табак;
    низкий сорт табака( из отходов) > many happy *s (of the day) поздравляю с днем рождения, желаю вам долгих лет жизни возвращаться;
    идти обратно - to * home возвращаться домой - he *ed to ask me about smth. он вернулся, чтобы спросить меня о чем-то - the scenes *ed again and again before his eyes эти сцены снова и снова представали перед его взором возвращаться, вновь обращаться (к чему-л.) - I shall * to this subject я еще вернусь к этому вопросу - he *ed to petty thieving он снова взялся за мелкое воровство (to) возвращаться в прежнее состояние - to * to dust обратиться в прах - the roses will deteriorate *ing to wilderness эти розы выродятся и снова станут дикими - he has *ed to his old habits он вернулся к своим старым привычкам - cultivated land *ed to forest обработанная земля заросла лесом - the estate *ed to another branch of the family имение снова перешло к другой ветви семейства возвращать, отдавать - to * a ball (спортивное) отбить мяч - to * empties сдавать порожнюю стеклотару - will you * (me) my book? вы вернете мою книгу? отвечать (тем же) - to * a bow ответить на поклон - to * smb.'s love /aafection/ отвечать кому-л. взаимностью - to * good for evil воздать добром за зло - to * like for like платить той же монетой - to * a compliment ответить комплиментом на комплимент отражать (звук, свет) - to * an echo откликнуться эхом класть обратно - to * sword to scabbard вкладывать меч в ножны - he *ed his handkerchief to his pocket он положил носовой платок обратно в карман отвечать;
    возражать - to * an answer дать ответ - "I can't", she *ed pettishly "Я не могу", - раздраженно ответила она докладывать, официально заявлять;
    давать отчет - to * one's income сообщать о своих доходах (для определения размера налога) - to be *ed (as) unfit for duty быть признанным непригодным к военной службе - to * a soldier as killed внести солдата в список убитых - to * guilty (юридическое) признать виновным - to * the result of the poll объявить результаты выборов избрать (в законодательный орган) - the voters *ed him in a landslide он одержал блестящую победу на выборах (юридическое) призывать к участию в рассмотрении дел( присяжных) (экономика) приносить (доход) - to * good interest приносить хороший доход( физическое) отражать (звук, свет) (карточное) делать ответный ход - to * smb.'s lead ходить в масть;
    поддерживать чье-л. начинание > to * thanks благодарить;
    прочесть молитву (до или после еды) ;
    отвечать на тост actual rate of ~ фактическая норма прибыли actual rate of ~ фактический коэффициент окупаемости капиталовложений annual income-tax ~ налоговая декларация о доходах за год annual ~ итоги операций за год annual ~ отчетные данные за год annual ~ налог. поступления за год automatic carriage ~ вчт. автоматический возврат каретки bank ~ банковский баланс bank ~ банковский отчет carriage ~ вчт. возврат каретки carriage ~ вчт. обратный ход каретки carriage ~ вчт. символ возврата каретки consolidated tax ~ годовая сумма налога с корпорации consolidated tax ~ консолидированная годовая сумма налога consolidated tax ~ консолидированная налоговая декларация equity ~ доход от акций false ~ ложная налоговая декларация farmer's labour ~ трудовой доход фермера file an income-tax ~ подавать налоговую декларацию о доходах financial rate of ~ норма финансовой прибыли gross ~ валовая выручка gross ~ валовая прибыль gross ~ валовой доход ~ возражение, ответ;
    in return в ответ ~ отдача, возврат;
    возмещение;
    in return в оплату;
    в обмен in ~ в обмен in ~ в ответ in ~ взамен in ~ for в оплату за in ~ of взамен income tax ~ декларация о подоходном налоге joint ~ совместная налоговая декларация joint tax ~ совместная налоговая декларация many happy returns (of the day) = поздравляю с днем рождения, желаю вам многих лет жизни maximum ~ максимальный доход minimum ~ минимальный доход of no ~ вчт. необратимый operating ~ доход от основной деятельности operating ~ доход от производственной деятельности page ~ вчт. возврат страниц personal tax ~ поступления от личного подоходного налога preliminary ~ предполагаемый доход provisional ~ предполагаемый доход return горн. вентиляционный просек или ходок ~ вчт. возврат ~ возврат ~ возврат шерифом судебного приказа в суд;
    надпись шерифа на возвращаемом в суд судебном приказе ~ возвращать;
    отдавать, отплачивать;
    to return a ball отбить мяч (в теннисе и т. п.) ;
    to return a bow ответить на поклон ~ возвращать(ся) ~ вчт. возвращать ~ возвращать ~ возвращаться;
    идти обратно ~ возвращаться ~ возвращение;
    обратный путь;
    by return of post обратной почтой ~ возвращение ~ pl возвращенный, непроданный товар ~ возмещение ~ возражать ~ возражение, ответ;
    in return в ответ ~ выручка ~ давать ответ, докладывать;
    официально заявлять;
    to return guilty юр. признать виновным;
    to return a soldier as killed внести солдата в список убитых ~ давать отчет ~ докладывать ~ доход, прибыль, оборот ~ доход ~ доходность ~ заявлять ~ избирать (в парламент) ;
    to return like for like = отплатить той же монетой;
    return swords! воен. шашки в ножны! ~ избирать ~ избрание, результаты выборов, отчет о подсчете голосов ~ избрание ~ налоговая декларация ~ оборот;
    доход, прибыль;
    small profits and quick returns небольшая прибыль, но быстрый оборот ~ оборот ~ эл. обратный провод;
    обратная сеть ~ ответная подача (в теннисе и т. п.) ~ отвечать, возражать ~ отвечать, возращать, заявлять, давать ответ ~ отвечать ~ отдавать ~ отдача, возврат;
    возмещение;
    in return в оплату;
    в обмен ~ отдача ~ отчет о подсчете голосов ~ официально заявлять ~ официальный отчет ~ официальный отчет;
    рапорт;
    tax return налоговая декларация (подаваемая налогоплательщиком для исчисления причитающегося с него налога) ~ повторяться( о приступах, болезни) ~ прибыль ~ призывать к участию в рассмотрении дел (о присяжных) ~ призывать присяжных к участию в рассмотрении дел ~ приносить (доход) ~ приносить доход ~ (обыкн. pl) результат выборов ~ результаты выборов ~ сведения ~ возвращать;
    отдавать, отплачивать;
    to return a ball отбить мяч (в теннисе и т. п.) ;
    to return a bow ответить на поклон ~ возвращать;
    отдавать, отплачивать;
    to return a ball отбить мяч (в теннисе и т. п.) ;
    to return a bow ответить на поклон ~ давать ответ, докладывать;
    официально заявлять;
    to return guilty юр. признать виновным;
    to return a soldier as killed внести солдата в список убитых ~ attr. обратный;
    return ticket обратный билет;
    return match( или game) спорт. ответный матч, ответная игра ~ давать ответ, докладывать;
    официально заявлять;
    to return guilty юр. признать виновным;
    to return a soldier as killed внести солдата в список убитых ~ избирать (в парламент) ;
    to return like for like = отплатить той же монетой;
    return swords! воен. шашки в ножны! to ~ (smb.'s) love (или affection) отвечать (кому-л.) взаимностью ~ attr. обратный;
    return ticket обратный билет;
    return match (или game) спорт. ответный матч, ответная игра ~ of goods возврат товара ~ of goods purchased on credit возврат товара, приобретенного в кредит ~ of premium возврат страхового взноса ~ of premium возврат страховой премии ~ of premium for policy cancellation возврат страхового взноса при аннулировании договора страхования ~ on bonds доход от облигаций ~ on bonds прибыль от облигаций ~ on capital прибыль на капитал ~ on capital participation участие в прибыли на капитал ~ on debentures доход от облигаций акционерной компании ~ on equity прибыль на акционерный капитал ~ on invested capital прибыль на инвестированный капитал ~ on investment (ROI) прибыль на инвестированный капитал ~ on shareholders' funds прибыль на акционерный капитал ~ on shares доход от акций ~ on sum-of-charge доход на начисленную сумму ~ on total assets доход от общей суммы баланса ~ избирать (в парламент) ;
    to return like for like = отплатить той же монетой;
    return swords! воен. шашки в ножны! ~ attr. обратный;
    return ticket обратный билет;
    return match (или game) спорт. ответный матч, ответная игра ticket: return ~ обратный билет ~ to drawer возврат тратты трассанту ~ to flag of country of origin возвращение к флагу страны приписки sale or ~ продажа или возврат sales ~ доход от продаж ~ оборот;
    доход, прибыль;
    small profits and quick returns небольшая прибыль, но быстрый оборот ~ официальный отчет;
    рапорт;
    tax return налоговая декларация (подаваемая налогоплательщиком для исчисления причитающегося с него налога) tax ~ налоговая декларация tax ~ налоговый доход tentative ~ предполагаемый доход total ~ совокупный доход trade ~ доход от торговли VAT ~ возврат налога на добавленную стоимость

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > return

  • 17 decide

    [dɪ'saɪd]
    v
    решать, решаться, принимать решение, делать выбор

    His opinion decided me. — Его мнение для меня было решающим. /Его мнение заставило меня принять решение. /Его мнение убедило меня.

    The question is not yet decided upon. — По этому вопросу еще нет решения.

    The jury decided for the plaintiff. — Жюри вынесло решение в пользу истца.

    She decided on the green hat. — Она выбрала зеленую шляпу.

    - decide smth
    - decide to do smth
    - decide when
    - decide one way or the other
    - decide for smb
    - decide for oneself
    - decide between smb, smth
    - decide unanimously
    - decide against buying a car
    - it is difficult to decide
    - nothing is decided yet
    - that decides me!
    - decide on...
    WAYS OF DOING THINGS:
    Глагол to decide используется нейтрально в разных стилях речи, однако он не содержит никаких уточнений ни о том, кто принимает окончательное решение, ни об обстоятельствах, ведущих к принятию того или иного решения. Такие уточнения передаются рядом таких глаголов и глагольных сочетаний, как to make up one's mind, to resolve, to be up to smb, to rest with smb, to clich, to choose, to take it into one's head to do smth, to conclude, to be in two minds.
    Глагольное сочетание to take it into one's head to do smth - неожиданно решить что-либо сделать, что другим кажется странным или глупым (русские разговорные - взбрело в голову, взбрендило): he's met her only once and now he is taking it into his head to ask her to marry him он видел ее только один раз, и теперь ему вдруг пришло в голову просить ее стать его женой; for some reason they took it into their heads to go swimming at midnight неизвестно по какой причине им вдруг взбрело пойти купаться в полночь.
    Глагол to choose - "решить, выбрать одно из возможных решений, предпочесть": I told him to drive slowly but as usual he chose to ignore my advice я велел ему ехать медленно, но как обычно он предпочел проигнорировать мой совет; more and more young couples today are choosing not to marry все больше молодых пар предпочитают/решают не вступать в законный брак; he believes people should be allowed to use drugs if they so choose он считает, что людям должно быть разрешено пользоваться наркотиками, если таков их выбор.
    Глагольное сочетание to make up one's mind - решить что-либо сделать (в результате обдумывания этого решения в течение длительного времени), остановить свой выбор на чем-либо: now that she has made up her mind to resign, there is no way you can persuade her not to теперь, когда она решила уйти в отставку, ничто не может разубедить ее; I wish he would make up his mind - we can't wait for ever мне бы хотелось, чтобы он уже принял какое-то решение - мы не можем ждать до бесконечности.
    Глагол to resolve (не употребляется в пассиве) - твердо решить что-либо сделать, (особенно в результате прошлого опыта или ошибок): after the devorce she resolved never to marry again после развода она твердо решила больше никогда не выходить замуж; he returned to the lab, resolving to stay there until the experiment was finished он вернулся в лабораторию с твердым решением там остаться до конца эксперимента.
    Глагол to conclude (не употребляется в Continuous) - "прийти к заключению, прийти к решению, после учета всех факторов": the jury listened carefully to the evidence and concluded that the man was guilty судьи внимательно выслушали все свидетельские показания и пришли к решению/заключению, что этот человек был виновен; he concluded from an analysis of traffic accidents that the speed limit should he lowered проанализировав дорожные аварии, он пришел к выводу, что предел скорости автомашины должен быть снижен.
    Глагольное сочетание to be up to smb - "иметь право решать самому, быть в чьей-либо воле что-либо сделать, зависеть от решения кого-либо": Shall we finish the job now, or leave it till tomorrow? I don't mind, it is up to you. Мы закончим работу сегодня или оставим ее до завтра? - Мне все равно. Решай сама. It is up to them what to do with the money. Они сами решают, что делать с этими деньгами.
    Глагольное сочетание to rest with smb - "решение остается за кем-либо": the committee has made certain recommendations, but the final decision rests with the President комиссия дала ряд рекомендаций, но окончательное решение остается за Президентом.
    Глагол to clinch - "принять окончательное решение (в отношении чего-либо почти уже решенного)": we had thought about living around here when we retired, then we saw this beautiful house and it clinched it мы думали о том, чтобы поселиться здесь, когда выйдем на пенсию, а вид этого прекрасного домика, окончательно убедил нас.
    Глагольное сочетание to be in two minds - сомневаться, не быть в состоянии принять решение, (особенно когда речь идет о практических делах): my parents want me to study law, but I am still in two minds about it мои родители хотят, чтобы я занялась юридическими науками, но все не могут решить хочу ли я этого; I was in two minds about buying this car, but the salesman persuaded me я сомневался, покупать ли мне эту машину, но продавец убедил меня

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > decide

  • 18 решать

    гл.
    Русский глагол решать как и его ближайший эквивалент to decide дают общее название действия, не уточняя обстоятельств, при которых достигается решение. Нижеприведенные английские соответствия, сохраняя общее значение, уточняют характер решения и обстоятельства, при которых оно принято.
    1. to decide — решать, решить (нейтральный глагол, используется в разных стилях речи): to decide smth — решать что-либо; to decide to do smth — решить что-либо сделать; to decide when…, why…, where… — решить, когда…, почему…, где… It is difficult to decide what to do. — Трудно решить, что нужно сделать. You must decide one way or other. — Ты должен решить так или иначе. He should decide for himself. — Он должен сам решить. His opinion decided me. — Его мнение было для меня решающим./ Его мнение заставило меня принять рсшение./Ero мнение убедило меня. The question is not yel decided. — По этому вопросу еще нет решения. Nothing is decided yet. — Еше ничего не решено.
    2. to resolve — твердо решать, принять твердое решение ( особенно в результате прошлого опыта или ошибок): After the divorce she resolved never to marry again. — После развода она твердо решила больше никогда не выходить замуж. Не returned to the lab, resolving to stay there until the experiment was finished. — Он вернулся в лабораторию с твердым решением остаться там до конца эксперимента.
    3. to choose — решать, решить, выбрать одно из возможных решений, предпочитать какое-либо решение: I told him to drive slowly but as usual he chose to ignore my advice. — Я велел ему ехать медленно, но как обычно он решил проигнорировать мой совет. More and more young couples today are choosing not lo marry. — Все больше молодых пар в наши дни предпочитают не вступать в брак./Все больше молодых пар в наши дни решают не вступать в брак. Не believes people should be allowed to use drugs if they so chose. — Он считает, что людям нужно разрешить пользоваться наркотиками, если они так решили.
    4. to conclude — решать, решить, прийти к заключению ( особенно после учета всех фактов): The jury listened carefully to the evidence and concluded that the man was guilty. — Судьи внимательно выслушали все свидетельские показания и пришли к решению, что этот человек был виновен./Судьи внимательно выслушали все свидетельские показания и пришли к заключению, что этот человек был виновен. Не concluded from the analysis of traffic accidents that the speed limit should be lowered. — Проанализировав дорожные аварии, он пришел к выводу, что предел скорости должен быть снижен.
    5. to clinch — решить, принять окончательное решение ( в отношении чего-либо почти уже решенного): We had thought about living around here when we retired, then we saw this beautiful house and it clinched it. — Мы думали о том, чтобы поселиться здесь, когда отойдем отдел, и когда увидели этот прекрасный домик, то это окончательно убедило нас.
    6. to make up one's mind — решать, решить, останавливаться на каком-либо решении ( в результате обдумывания этого решения в течение длительного времени): Now that she has made up her mind to resign, there is no way you can persuade her not to. — Теперь, когда она решила уйти в отставку, ничто не может разубедить ее. I wish he would make up his mind — we can't wait forever. — Мне бы хотелось, чтобы он уже принял решение — мы не можем ждать до бесконечности.
    7. to take it into one's head to do smth — неожиданно решить; приходить в голову, забрать себе в галопу (особенно то, что другим кажется странным или глупым): Не met her only once and now he has taken it into his head to ask her to marry him. — Он видел ее только один раз, и теперь ему взбрело в голову просить ее стать его женой. For some reason they took it into their heads to go swimming at midnight. — Неизвестно по какой причине они вдруг решили пойти купаться в иолночь./Неизвестно по какой причине им вдруг взбрело в голову пойти купиться в полночь.
    8. to be up to smb — иметь право решать самому, Сыть в чьей-либо воле что-либо сделать, зависеть от решения кого-либо: Shall we finish the job now, or leave it till tomorrow? — I don't mind, it is up to you. — Мы закончим работу сегодня или оставим ее до завтра? — Не возражаю, как ты решишь. It is up to them what to do with the money. — Им решать, что делать с ними деньгами.
    9. to rest with smb — решать, решить, решиться (особенно, когда решение остается за кем-либо): The committee has made certain recommendations, but the final decision rests with the President. — Комиссия дала ряд рекомендаций, но окончательное решение остается за президентом.

    Русско-английский объяснительный словарь > решать

  • 19 П-559

    ПРОБА ПЕРА NP sing only fixed WO
    s.o. 's first attempt at writing a literary work
    test of the pen
    (in limited contexts) literary debut beginner' exercise first effort.
    Упорнее всего Твардовский и редакция добивались: а что у меня есть еще?.. Пробегая мои похороненные от 1948-го года пласты, я выбирал, что ж им назвать. Едучи сюда, я не готовился ничего больше открывать, но что-то было надо, трудно было убедить их, что «Иван Денисович» написан как первая проба пера (Солженицын 2). The question to which Tvar-dovsky and his colleagues most persistently returned was: "What else have you to offer?..." Mentally running through the layers secreted over the years since 1948,1 selected things I could mention to them. On my way there, I had meant to reveal nothing else, but I couldn't keep it up: it would have been difficult to convince them that Ivan Denisovich was a beginner's exercise (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > П-559

  • 20 проба пера

    [NP; sing only; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ s.o.'s first attempt at writing a literary work:
    - [in limited contexts] literary debut;
    - first effort.
         ♦ Упорнее всего Твардовский и редакция добивались: а что у меня есть еще?.. Пробегая мои похороненные от 1948-го года пласты, я выбирал, что ж им назвать. Едучи сюда, я не готовился ничего больше открывать, но что-то было надо, трудно было убедить их, что "Иван Денисович" написан как первая проба пера (Солженицын 2). The question to which Tvardovsky and his colleagues most persistently returned was: "What else have you to offer?..." Mentally running through the layers secreted over the years since 1948, I selected things I could mention to them. On my way there, I had meant to reveal nothing else, but I couldn't keep it up: it would have been difficult to convince them that Ivan Denisovich was a beginner's exercise (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > проба пера

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